Table 4.
ORs (95% CIs) for childhood cancer from one IQR increase in traffic pollution exposure, measuring traffic-related air pollution exposure using PM2.5 measured from community air monitors, and traffic density.
| Outcome | PM2.5 (n controls = 26,159) | Traffic density within 500 m of the residence (n controls = 77,892) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n cases | Model 1a | Model 2b | n cases | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| ALL | 397 | 1.11 (0.94, 1.30) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.30) | 1,243 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) |
| AML | 82 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) | 0.85 (0.57, 1.27) | 224 | 0.89 (0.80, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.00) |
| NHL | 28 | 0.75 (0.41, 1.38) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.46) | 75 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) |
| Ependymoma | 39 | 1.29 (0.72, 2.07) | 1.26 (0.72, 2.21) | 117 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) |
| Astrocytoma | 73 | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.34) | 275 | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) |
| Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors | 68 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.57) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.80) | 202 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) |
| Primitive neuroectodermal tumor | 27 | 0.91 (0.49, 1.68) | 1.05 (0.55, 2.00) | 63 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) |
| Medulloblastoma | 29 | 1.61 (0.88, 2.95) | 1.76 (0.91, 3.38) | 98 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.09) |
| Neuroblastoma | 129 | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 403 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) |
| Retinoblastoma | 87 | 1.57 (1.10, 2.23) | 1.44 (0.99, 2.10) | 245 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) |
| Unilateral | 65 | 1.60 (1.06, 2.41) | 1.44 (0.93, 2.22) | 162 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) |
| Bilateral | 22 | 1.48 (0.74, 2.95) | 1.46 (0.70, 3.06) | 81 | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) |
| Wilms tumor | 100 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.63) | 294 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) |
| Hepatoblastoma | 42 | 0.79 (0.47, 1.33) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.53) | 126 | 0.86 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 51 | 0.72 (0.45, 1.16) | 0.80 (0.48, 1.33) | 140 | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) |
| Germ cell tumors | 41 | 0.87 (0.51, 1.47) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.71) | 136 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) |
| Yolk sac tumors | 12 | 0.91 (0.35, 2.40) | 0.92 (0.34, 2.48) | 46 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) |
| Teratomas | 23 | 0.73 (0.35, 1.49) | 0.77 (0.36, 1.68) | 71 | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30) | 1.16 (1.04, 1.30) |
| aORs by unconditional logistic regression, adjusted only for birth year (matching variable). bAdditional adjustment for mother’s and father’s race/ethnicity, mother’s years of education, mother’s country of birth, parity, method of payment for prenatal care, and neighborhood socioeconomic index. | ||||||