Table 3.

Associations between IPV and membership in MF programmes in different sociodemographic strata

		Moderate physical violence				V (OR)	Severe physical violence				V (OR)
		No MF		MF			No MF		MF
	N	IPV	No IPV	IPV	No IPV		IPV	No IPV	IPV	No IPV
Age
15–19	462	123	204	72	63		47	280	17	118
20–24	850	218−	327+	179+	126−	0.18 (2.1)	58−	487	62+	243	0.13 (2.1)
25–29	866	216	279	205	166		73	422	75	296
30–34	742	207	238	174	123		68	377	63	234
35–39	701	173	243	160+	125−	0.14 (1.8)	55	361	62	223
40–44	462	114	156	114+	78−	0.17 (2.0)	39	231	47	145
45–49	380	114	129	74	63		37	206	27	110
Residence
Urban	1668	418−	645+	344+	261−	0.17 (2.0)	138−	925	120+	485	0.09 (1.7)
Rural	2795	747−	931+	634+	483−	0.12 (1.6)	239−	1439	233+	884	0.09 (1.6)
Education
No education	1494	463	363	402	266		181	645	166	502
Primary	1348	356	400+	348+	244−	0.12 (1.6)	115	641	126	466
Secondary	1292	302−	591+	206+	193−	0.17 (2.1)	70	823	54	345
Higher	327	44	220	22	41		11	253	7	56
Religion
Muslim	4033	1093−	1425+	885+	630−	0.15 (1.8)	357−	2161	329+	1186−	0.10 (1.7)
Non-Muslim	430	72	151	93	114		20	203	24	183
Wealth index
Poorest	804	249	177	219	159		96	330	84	294
Poorer	856	234	240	221	161		84	390	77	305
Middle	849	237	251	217	144		77	411	76	285
Richer	855	191−	311+	206+	147−	0.20 (2.3)	60−	442	89+	264	0.17 (2.5)
Richest	1099	254	597	115+	133−	0.15 (2.0)	60	791	27	221

		Sexual violence				V (OR)	Any violence				V (OR)
		No MF		MF			No MF		MF
	N	IPV	No IPV	IPV	No IPV		IPV	No IPV	IPV	No IPV
Age
15–19	462	52	275	15	120		139	188	75	60
20–24	850	83	462	42	263		245	300	184+	121−	0.15 (1.9)
25–29	866	47	448	54	317		231	264	221+	150−	0.13 (1.7)
30–34	742	42	403	34	263		223	222	181	116
35–39	701	29	387	35	250		183	233	164	121
40–44	462	19	251	12	180		117	153	116	76−	0.17 (2.0)
45–49	380	14	229	5	132		120	123	75	62
Residence
Urban	1668	90	973	64	541		436−	627+	354+	251−	0.17 (2.0)
Rural	2795	196	1482	133	984		822−	856+	662+	455−	0.10 (1.5)
Education
No education	1494	101	725	76	592		486	340	415	253
Primary	1348	96	660	67	525		389	367	359	233
Secondary	1292	74	819	43	356		330−	563+	215+	184−	0.16 (2.0)
Higher	327	15	249	11	52		53	211	27+	36	0.21 (3.0)
Religion
Muslim	4033	276	2242	183	1332		1183−	1335+	919+	596−	0.13 (1.7)
Non-Muslim	430	10	213	14	193		75	148	97	110
Wealth index
Poorest	804	79	347	52	326		271	155	229	149
Poorer	856	62	412	46	336		255	219	230	152
Middle	849	48	440	44	317		254	234	224	137
Richer	855	45	457	40	313		203−	299+	213+	140−	0.20 (2.2)
Richest	1099	52	799	15	233		275	576	120+	128−	0.14 (2.0)

Significant χ² tests for exposure to IPV and belonging to MF programmes are reported by their effect sizes Cramer's V. ORs indicate an increased risk of IPV for women belonging to MF programmes compared with women who did not belong to such programmes. Only significant tests (p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected for 80 tests yielding p<0.000625) including at least one standardised residual >2 (indicated by +) or <−2 (indicated by −) are reported.

IPV, intimate partner violence; MF, microfinance.