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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Rhythm. 2011 Jul 6;8(11):10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.032. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.032

TABLE 2.

AUTOANTIBODIES AND TACHYARRHYTHMIAS

Arrhythmias Autoantibodies Associated Diseases Mechanisms
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Sinus Tachycardia Anti-β1 and anti-β2 adrenergic receptors Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Agonist-liked activity on β-adrenergic receptors, ↑ cAMP, ↑ chronotropic effect
Atrial Fibrillation Anti-myosin heavy chain Myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic atrial fibrillation Inflammation
Anti-Na/K-ATPase Dilated cardiomyopathy ↑ [Ca2+]i
Anti-M2 receptor Dilated cardiomyopathy, Grave’s hyperthyroidism ↑ IKACh, ↓ APD, ↓ AERP, ↑ conduction velocity in atrial myocardium
Anti-β1 receptors Grave’s hyperthyroidism ↑ hyperpolarization, ↓ APD, ↑ triggered activity
Anti-HSP65 Post-op CABG Inflammation
Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Ventricular Tachycardia Anti-Ro/SSA Connective tissue diseases Cross-reaction with hERG K+ channel, ↓ IKr, ↑ QTc
Anti-β1-adrenergic receptor Chagas’ disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic cardiomyopathy, viral hepatitis myocarditis Agonist-liked activity on β-adrenergic receptor, ↑ cAMP, ↑ chronotopic effects, ↑ APD, ↑ QT, ↑ ICa,L, ↓ Ito, ↓ IKs, ↑ EADs, ↑ ERK1/2
Sudden Cardiac Death
Anti-Na/K-ATPase Dilated Cardiomyopathy ↑ [Ca2+]i
Anti-β1-adrenergic receptor Dilated Cardiomyopathy ↑ APD, ↑ QT, and triggered activity
Anti-M2 receptor Chagas’ disease ↑ QT

ICa,L, L-type calcium currents; IKACh, acetylcholine-activated potassium currents; IKr, rapid delayed rectifier potassium currents; IKS, slow delayed rectifier potassium currents; Ito, transient outward potassium currents; M2 receptor, muscarinic cholinergic type 2 receptor; Na/K-ATPase, sodium-potassium pump; APD, activation potential duration, AERP, atrial effective refractory period; EAD, early afterdepolarizations; [Ca2+]i, intracellular Ca2+.