Table 1.

Th-related cytokines in tears and conjunctiva in dry eye disease

Th Cytokine	Change in Dry Eye (tears and conjunctiva)	Associated Pathology in Dry Eye Disease
IL-4	Human: Unknown Mouse: no change	unknown
IL-13	Human: ↓ IL-13/IFN-γ ratio (Lam et al., 2008) Mouse: ↓tear concentration, ↓IL- 13/IFN-γ in C57/BL6 strain	Goblet cell loss
IFN-γ	Human: ↑ tear concentration (Lam et al., 2008; Massingale et al., 2009; (Boehm et al., 2011; Corrales et al., 2007; Enriquez-de-Salamanca et al., 2010; Massingale et al., 2009; Mrugacz et al., 2006; Riemens et al., 2012 Mouse: ↑ tear concentration (Corrales et al., 2007; de Paiva et al., 2007b) Mouse: ↑ Conjunctiva (Chen et al., 2011; Corrales et al., 2007; de Paiva et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011b)	Goblet cell loss Epithelial apoptosis
IL-17	Human: ↑ tear concentration (Katsifis et al., 2009) Mouse: ↑ tear concentration (de Paiva et al., 2009) Mouse: ↑ Conjunctiva (Chauhan et al., 2009; de Paiva et al., 2009)	Corneal barrier disruption; Stimulation of MMP-3 and MMP-9 mRNA by corneal epithelium