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The diagram shows the proposed molecular mechanism of CI-AKI. CI-AKI, contrast-induced acute renal injury; NCX, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger; VDC, the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel; NHE, Na+/H+ exchange; [Ca++]i, intracellular Ca2+ concentration; [Na+]i, intracellular Na+ concentration; p38 MAPK (p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases); ROS, reactive oxygen species. ET-1, endothelin-1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.
