Table 1.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Type of biomarker	Location	Reference
Ferric reducing ability of plasma	Extracellular	Benzie and Strain, 1996 [96]
Carbonyls	Extracellular	Mohanty et al., 2010 [98]
Lipid peroxidation
Malondialdehyde	Extracellular	Ohkawa et al., 1979 [77]
F2-isoprostane	Extracellular	Collins et al., 1999 [202]
4-Hydroxynonenal	Extracellular	Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2007 [89]
Plasma vitamins
Vitamin C	Extracellular	Roe and Kuether, 1943 [94]
Vitamin E	Extracellular	Teissier 1996 [93]
Antioxidant enzymes
Superoxide dismutase	Intracellular	Misra and Fridovich, 1972 [100]
Catalase	Intracellular	Aebi and Bergmeyer, 1974 [101]
Glutathione peroxidase	Intracellular	Flohé and Günzler, 1984 [102]
GSH/GSSG ratio in erythrocyte	Intracellular	Hissin and Hilf, 1976 [104]
Prooxidant enzymes
Xanthine oxidase	Intracellular	Haining and Legan 1967 [106]
NADPH oxidase	Intracellular	Nauseef, 2008 [17, 18]
Others
Endothelial microparticles	Extracellular	Burger and Touyz, 2012 [109]
Endothelial progenitor cells	Extracellular	Touyz and Schiffrin, 2012 [111]
Ischemia modified albumin	Extracellular	Sinha et al., 2003 [194]