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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Crim Justice. 2013 September-October;41(5):10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.014. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.014

Figure 1. Best-fitting Two-Factor Common Pathway Model of A, C, and E Influences on Aggressive and Rule-breaking Behavior at Ages 9–10 and 14–15 Years.

Figure 1

This model shows the latent common factor structure of influences on aggression (Agg) and rule-breaking (RB) behavior problems in Waves 1 and 3. Each Antisocial (AS) latent common factor loads onto the individually measured scales, and is influenced by additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) influences. In addition, each scale shows unique genetic (a) and nonshared environmental (e) influences.