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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cardiol Clin. 2013 Apr 15;31(2):10.1016/j.ccl.2013.03.001. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2013.03.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A. Schematic apical long-axis view of the heart in systole with the apex on top. There is normal function and spatial relationship of the left ventricular myocardium, the papillary muscles (PM), chordae, leaflets and mitral annulus. The tethering force closing force balance relationship is normal, both leaflets are normally configured, concave toward the LV, and coapt without mitral regurgitation. B. Surgical view of the open mitral valve in diastole with the atrial walls removed. C. Surgical view of the closed mitral valve is systole. (Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; PM, papillary muscle; Panels B and C are adapted from Carpentier A et al. Carpentier’s Reconstructive Valve Surgery. From Valve Analysis to Valve Reconstruction. 2010 Saunders Elsevier)