Table 3.
Neural regions showing significant group by emotion condition interactions and post-hoc pairwise between group comparisons for happy and fearful experiments.
| Brain region | Intensity | BA | MNI (x, y, z) | Voxels | F value | overall p value | Pair-wise comparisons (d.f.=18) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BDd vs. UDd | BDd vs. HC | UDd vs. HC | |||||||
| Happy experiment | |||||||||
| L Frontal Precentral | H100 | 6 | –15, –15,60 | 64 | 6.79 | 0.004 | BDdo Udd, t=3.0** | BDd < HCa, t=3.2** | –, t=0.85 |
| L Superior Prefrontal | H100 | 8 | –15,24,48 | 22 | 5.02 | 0.014 | –, t=0.77 | BDd < HC, t=2.1* | UDd < HCa, t=3.6** |
| R ACC | H100 | 24 | 3,36,3 | 76 | 4.06 | 0.03 | BDd < Udd, t=2.6* | BDd < HC, t=2.5* | –, t=0.1 |
| R Insula | H100 | 36,18,9 | 21 | 7.10 | 0.003 | BDd < UDda, t=4.0** | BDd < HC, t=2.5* | –, t=1.2 | |
| R Middle Temporal | H100 | 21 | 60, – 6,–3 | 50 | 6.74 | 0.004 | BDd < UDda, t=3.6** | BDd < HC, t=2.3* | –, t=1.1 |
| L Superior Temporal | H100 | 39 | – 45, – 60,30 | 96 | 7.50 | 0.003 | –, t=2.1 | – t=1.2 | UDd < HCa, t=4.1** |
| R Parahippocampus | H50 | 36 | 39,–21,–12 | 334 | 6.40 | 0.003 | –, t=1.0 | BDd < HCa, t=3.4** | UDd < HCa, t=4.8** |
| R Parahippocampus | Hn | 36 | 39,–21,–12 | 334 | 4.94 | 0.02 | –, t=2.0 | –, t=0.5 | –, t=1.1 |
| R Frontal Precentral | Hn | 6 | 66,–3,24 | 12 | 3.80 | 0.04 | –, t=2.0 | –, t=0.6 | –, t=1.1 |
| R Precuneus | Hn | 19 | 42, – 72,42 | 84 | 3.79 | 0.04 | –, t=0.3 | BDd < HC, t=2.6* | UDd < HC, t=2.2* |
| L Inferior Parietal | Hn | 40 | – 42,– 45,51 | 14 | 3.38 | 0.05 | –, t=0.1 | BDd < HC, t=2.3* | UDd > HC, t=2.9** |
| L Occipital | Hn | 19 | –9,–87,36 | 64 | 6.01 | 0.007 | –, t=0.7 | BDd > HC, t=2.5* | UDd > HCa, t=3.3** |
| Fearful experiment | |||||||||
| R Frontal Precentral | F100 | 6 | 42, – 3,48 | 15 | 9.27 | 0.001 | BDd < UDda, t=4.4** | –, t=1.6 | –, t=1.4 |
| R Insula | F100 | 27,27,6 | 159 | 3.36 | 0.05 | BDd < UDd, t=2.4* | –, t=1.3 | –, t=1.3 | |
| L Insula | F100 | – 39, – 9, 21 | 29 | 4.38 | 0.02 | –, t=1.9 | –, t=0.7 | UDd > HC, t=2.9** | |
| R Parahippocampus | F100 | 28 | 24,–15,–18 | 117 | 3.71 | 0.04 | –, t=2.0 | –, t=0.1 | –, t=2.0 |
| R Frontal Precentral | F50 | 4 | 39,–15,51 | 18 | 4.42 | 0.002 | BDd < Udd, t=2.2* | –, t=1.5 | UDd < HC, t=2.7* |
| L Middle Frontal | F50 | 6 | – 21, – 12,45 | 128 | 3.78 | 0.04 | –, t=0.2 | BDd > HC, t=2.8* | UDd < HC, t=2.2* |
| L Middle Frontal | F50 | 10 | – 36,54,– 3 | 78 | 3.78 | 0.04 | –, t=1.7 | –, t=1.3 | UDd < HC, t=2.3* |
| L VLPFC | F50 | 45 | – 45,24, 21 | 17 | 4.17 | 0.03 | –, t=0.3 | BDd > HCa, t=3.3** | –, t=2.0 |
| L DLPFC | F50 | 46 | – 48,45,9 | 25 | 4.18 | 0.03 | –, t=1.3 | –, t=1.5 | –, t=2.0 |
| L Insula | F50 | – 39, – 9, 21 | 29 | 6.62 | 0.005 | –, t=0.6 | BDd > HCa, t=3.9** | UDd > HC, t=2.6* | |
| L Insula | F50 | – 36,– 42,18 | 16 | 3.89 | 0.02 | –, t=1.7 | BDd > HCa, t=4.4** | –, t=0.7 | |
| R Middle Temporal | F50 | 20 | 54,–36,–12 | 12 | 4.42 | 0.02 | BDd < UDd, t=2.4* | –, t=0.7 | –, t=2.0 |
| R Superior Temporal | F50 | 22 | –57,–9, 6 | 93 | 4.15 | 0.03 | –, t=1.7 | –, t=1.0 | UDd > HC, t=2.9** |
| R Superior Temporal | F50 | 42 | 63,–30,12 | 22 | 5.96 | 0.007 | –, t=1.6 | BDd > HC, t=2.2* | UDd > HCa, t=3.2** |
| L PostCentral | F50 | 2 | – 60, – 27,45 | 66 | 8.64 | 0.001 | –, t=0.5 | BDd > HCa, t=3.7** | UDd > HCa, t=3.9** |
| L PostCentral | F50 | 3 | –18,–36,60 | 1853 | 4.97 | 0.02 | –, t=1.8 | –, t=1.6 | –, t=1.8 |
| R Occipital | F50 | 18 | 3,–87,18 | 1316 | 5.97 | 0.007 | –, t=1.9 | BDd > HC, t=2.2* | UDd > HCa, t=3.2** |
| L Middle Frontal | Fn | 6 | – 21, – 12,45 | 128 | 3.63 | 0.04 | BDd > UDd, t – 2.2* | BDd > HC, t=2.9** | –, t=0.01 |
| L VLPFC | Fn | 45 | – 45,24, 21 | 17 | 3.63 | 0.04 | –, t=0.2 | BDd > HC, t=2.3* | UDd > HC, t=2.1* |
| R Insula | Fn | 30,– 15, 21 | 347 | 5.66 | 0.009 | BDd > UDd, t=2.9** | BDd > HC, t=2.6* | UDd < HC, t=2.2* | |
| L Insula | Fn | – 39, – 9, 21 | 29 | 3.36 | 0.05 | –, t=2.0 | BDd > HC, t=2.4* | –, t=0.6 | |
| L PostCentral | Fn | 2 | – 60, – 27,45 | 66 | 6.38 | 0.005 | –, t=2.0 | BDd > HC, t=2.3* | –, t=1.8 |
BA: Brodmann's Area, MNI: coordinates according to the Montreal Neurological Institute, d.f.: degrees of freedom, BDd: bipolar disorder in depressed state, UDd: unipolar major depressive disorder in depressed state, F: fear, H: happy, 100%: intense emotion, 50%: mild emotional intensity; Fn and Hn: neutral faces during the fear (F) and happy (H) emotional experiments, R=right, L=left, DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, VLPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, ACC: anterior cingulate cortex.
for a significance level of p <0.05.
for a significance level of p <0.01.
Pair-wise comparisons using t-tests for significant brain regions identified with ANCOVA analysis (group by condition interaction) and significance level was set at p < 0.006 (corrected for multiple comparisons) and illustrated in bold letters. Group differences are indicated by asterisks.