Table 2.
Associations of Hepatitis B Testing with Participant Characteristics and Differences between the Two Cities (No, % and p values)
| Parameter | Seattle (N=430) | Vancouver (N=533) | City* Association | Between City** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age Group | ||||
| <35 | 33/64 (51.6) | 53/88 (60.2) | 0.6078 | 0.9910 |
| 35–49 | 85/163 (52.1) | 125/210 (59.5) | . | . |
| ≥50 | 82/199 (41.2) | 113/231 (48.9) | . | . |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 103/206 (50.0) | 112/230 (48.7) | 0.1590 | 0.0095 |
| Male | 99/224 (44.2) | 181/303 (59.7) | . | . |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | 177/362 (48.9) | 244/440 (55.5) | 0.5435 | 0.3377 |
| Not | 25/67 (37.3) | 48/92 (52.2) | . | . |
| Education (yrs.) | ||||
| 0–6 | 14/42 (33.3) | 15/35 (42.9) | 0.1943 | 0.4570 |
| 7–12 | 75/176 (42.6) | 121/221 (54.8) | . | . |
| 13+ | 112/211 (53.1) | 155/273 (56.8) | . | . |
| Birth Country | ||||
| China+ | 108/237 (45.6) | 151/275 (54.9) | <.0001 | 0.4587 |
| Hong Kong | 29/53 (54.7) | 102/172 (59.3) | . | . |
| Taiwan | 30/47 (63.8) | 13/17 (76.5) | . | . |
| Other | 23/58 (39.7) | 20/39 (51.3) | . | . |
| North America | 12/35 (34.3) | 6/29 (20.7) | . | . |
| Country lived longest | ||||
| China+ | 92/204 (45.1) | 120/212 (56.6) | <.0001 | 0.8481 |
| Hong Kong | 44/85 (51.8) | 132/233 (56.7) | ||
| Taiwan | 32/54 (59.3) | 13/18 (72.2) | ||
| Other Asian | 22/52 (42.3) | 20/39 (51.3) | ||
| English fluency | ||||
| Well | 137/271 (50.6) | 204/358 (57.0) | 0.1882 | 0.5697 |
| Not well | 65/159 (40.9) | 89/174 (51.1) | . | . |
| Proportion of life lived in North America | ||||
| <25 | 52/110 (47.3) | 105/156 (67.3) | 0.1658 | 0.0747 |
| 25–49 | 92/175 (52.6) | 102/186 (54.8) | . | . |
| ≥50 | 55/139 (39.6) | 84/183 (45.9) | . | . |
| Currently employed | ||||
| Yes | 168/348 (48.3) | 200/361 (55.4) | <.0001 | 0.4498 |
| No | 34/82 (41.5) | 93/171 (54.4) | . | . |
| Housing | ||||
| Owned | 180/382 (47.1) | 239/444 (53.8) | 0.0682 | 0.2782 |
| Rented | 22/48 (45.8) | 51/81 (63.0) | . | . |
| Health Care | ||||
| Receive regular health care | ||||
| Yes | 174/366 (47.5) | 272/494 (55.1) | <.0001 | 0.9817 |
| No | 28/64 (43.8) | 17/33 (51.5) | . | . |
| Number of MD visits in last 12 months | ||||
| 0 | 53/108 (49.1) | 18/36 (50.0) | <.0001 | 0.7212 |
| 1 | 55/121 (45.5) | 40/85 (47.1) | . | . |
| 2–4 | 60/134 (44.8) | 122/228 (53.5) | . | . |
| ≥5 | 34/67 (50.7) | 111/181 (61.3) | . | . |
| Have regular MD | ||||
| Yes | 162/331 (48.9) | 274/498 (55.0) | <.0001 | 0.5330 |
| No | 40/99 (40.4) | 17/32 (53.1) | . | . |
| MD gender | ||||
| No regular | 40/99 (40.4) | 17/32 (53.1) | <.0001 | 0.7319 |
| Male | 91/184 (49.5) | 205/365 (56.2) | . | . |
| Female | 71/147 (48.3) | 69/133 (51.9) | . | . |
| MD ethnicity | ||||
| No regular | 40/99 (40.4) | 17/32 (53.1) | <.0001 | 0.4572 |
| Chinese | 59/114 (51.8) | 261/467 (55.9) | . | . |
| Other | 98/210 (46.7) | 13/31 (41.9) | . | . |
| Need interpreter | ||||
| Yes | 54/143 (37.8) | 7/18 (38.9) | <.0001 | 0.8570 |
| No | 146/281 (52.0) | 286/515 (55.5) | . | . |
| Received physical in last 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 125/254 (49.2) | 166/263 (63.1) | 0.0032 | 0.0994 |
| No | 77/176 (43.8) | 127/270 (47.0) | . | . |
| Visited traditional Chinese health practitioners in last 12 mths | ||||
| Yes | 43/86 (50.0) | 113/183 (61.7) | <.0001 | 0.3666 |
| No | 158/343 (46.1) | 178/348 (51.1) | . | . |
| Where tested | ||||
| Never | 0/228 (0.00) | 0/240 (0.00) | 0.0367 | 1.0000 |
| North America | 147/147 (100) | 222/222 (100) | . | . |
| Asia | 55/55 (100) | 70/70 (100) | . | . |
| Received OB services in North America | ||||
| Yes | 56/109 (51.4) | 86/150 (57.3) | 0.8297 | 0.0336 |
| No | 43/115 (37.4) | 93/150 (62.0) | . | . |
| Insured | ||||
| Yes | 177/381 (46.5) | 293/533 (55.0) | <0.001 | NA. |
| No | 25/49 (51.0) | 0/0 (0.00) | . | . |
| Knowledge and beliefs | ||||
| Canada/US Chinese more likely to be infected than Whites | ||||
| Correct | 94/153 (61.4) | 116/200 (58.0) | 0.5792 | 0.0090 |
| Incorrect | 108/277 (39.0) | 177/333 (53.2) | . | . |
| Believed people with hepatitis B can be infected for life | ||||
| Yes | 96/163 (58.9) | 153/244 (62.7) | 0.0181 | 0.4458 |
| No | 105/266 (39.5) | 140/289 (48.4) | . | . |
| Believed hepatitis B can cause cirrhosis | ||||
| Yes | 163/311 (52.1) | 250/433 (57.7) | 0.0014 | 0.6740 |
| No | 40/118 (33.9) | 42/99 (42.4) | . | . |
| Believed hepatitis B can cause liver cancer | ||||
| Yes | 161/306 (52.6) | 249/428 (58.2) | 0.0010 | 0.6790 |
| No | 41/124 (33.1) | 43/104 (41.3) | . | . |
| Social Support | ||||
| Family member(s) had suggested test | ||||
| Yes | 40/54 (74.1) | 73/89 (82.0) | 0.0860 | 0.6287 |
| No | 162/376 (43.1) | 219/443 (49.4) | . | . |
| Doctor(s) had recommended test | ||||
| Yes | 78/88 (88.6) | 103/118 (87.3) | 0.5819 | 0.2559 |
| No | 124/342 (36.3) | 190/415 (45.8) | . | . |
| Employer asked for test | ||||
| Yes | 32/34 (94.1) | 26/35 (74.3) | 0.5041 | 0.0106 |
| No | 170/396 (42.9) | 266/497 (53.5) | . | . |
*
Association of participant characteristic with the city;
**
Between-city difference of the association of HBV testing with participant characteristic;
+
Mainland