Table 2.

Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Analyses of Time to Emergency Department Use for a Cutaneous Injection-Related Infection Among 306 Female Injection Drug Users

	Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (HR)			Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR)
Variable	HR	(95% CI)	p-value	AHR	(95% CI)	p-value
Age
(per year older)	1.00	(0.97 –1.02)	0.738
Unstable housing*
(Yes vs No)	1.68	(1.09 – 2.61)	0.020	1.12	(0.69 – 1.82)	0.647
DTES residence
(Yes vs No)	2.46	(1.41 – 4.28)	0.001	2.06	(1.13 – 3.78)	0.019
Require assistance inject*
(Yes vs No)	1.56	(1.03 – 2.37)	0.038	1.40	(0.92 – 2.13)	0.122
Cocaine injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.37	(0.88 – 2.11)	0.163
Heroin injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.55	(1.01 – 2.37)	0.044	1.22	(0.79 – 1.90)	0.361
Crack use*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.42	(0.90 – 2.24)	0.131
Speedball injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.61	(0.97 – 2.65)	0.064
HIV serostatus
(Positive vs Negative)	1.01	(0.62 – 1.66)	0.958
Hospital referral†
(Yes vs No)	5.06	(3.14 – 8.17)	<0.001	4.48	(2.76 – 7.30)	<0.001

Note:

^*Behaviours refer to activities in the last six months.

^†Indicates data derived from SIF database and by a study nurse. Model was fit adjusted for all variables p < 0.05 in unadjusted analyses.

CI = confidence interval, DTES = Downtown Eastside.