Table 3.

Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Analyses of Time to Emergency Department Use for a Cutaneous Injection-Related Infection Among 762 Male Injection Drug Users

	Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (HR)			Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR)
Variable	HR	(95% CI)	p-value	AHR	(95% CI)	p-value
Age
(per year older)	0.99	(0.97 – 1.01)	0.287
Unstable housing*
(Yes vs No)	1.60	(1.18 – 2.17)	0.002	1.37	(0.98 – 1.92)	0.06
DTES residence
(Yes vs No)	1.52	(1.10 – 2.11)	0.012	1.19	(0.83 – 1.72)	0.34
Require assistance inject*
(Yes vs No)	1.59	(1.16 – 2.17)	0.004	1.38	(1.01 – 1.90)	0.04
Cocaine injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.18	(0.87 – 1.60)	0.296
Heroin injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.13	(0.85 – 1.51)	0.385
Crack use*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.46	(1.10 – 1.94)	0.008	1.30	(0.97 – 1.74)	0.07
Speedball injection*
(Daily vs Not daily)	1.28	(0.82 – 2.02)	0.281
HIV serostatus
(Positive vs Negative)	1.90	(1.38 – 2.61)	<0.001	1.85	(1.34 – 2.55)	<0.001
Hospital referral†
(Yes vs No)	3.28	(2.14 – 5.04)	<0.001	2.97	(1.93 – 4.57)	<0.001

Note:

^*Behaviours refer to activities in the last six months.

^†Indicates data derived from SIF database and by a study nurse. Model was fit adjusted for all variables p < 0.05 in unadjusted analyses.

CI = confidence interval, DTES = Downtown Eastside.