. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul 18;6(9):10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0050. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0050

Table 3.

Dietary biomarkers comparing intervention to control at baseline and 6-month follow-up in the Dietary Intervention in Bladder Cancer Study (DIBS).

	Baseline		6-month Follow-up		p-value^c
	Control Mean (SE)	Intervention Mean (SE)	Control Mean (SE)	Intervention Mean (SE)	p-value^c

	N = 18	N = 30	N = 15	N = 24

Lutein plus zeaxanthin (umol/L) ^a	0.38 (0.04)^‡	0.33 (0.07)^‡	0.37 (0.03)	0.32 (0.05)	0.97
Cryptoxanthin (umol/L) ^a	0.19 (0.04)	0.19 (0.06)^*	0.18 (0.04)	0.13 (0.03)^*	0.42
Lycopene (umol/L) ^a	0.78 (0.06)	0.65 (0.06)	0.76 (0.11)	0.68 (0.08)	0.38
Alpha-carotene (umol/L) ^a	0.20 (0.03)^‡	0.14 (0.04)^‡^**	0.17 (0.03)	0.16 (0.03)^**	0.03
Beta-carotene (umol/L) ^a	0.62 (0.09)^‡	0.47 (0.09)^‡	0.69 (0.16)	0.55 (0.08)	0.40
Total carotenoids (umol/L) ^a	2.2 (0.18)^‡	1.70 (0.19)^‡	2.2 (0.29)	1.80 (0.20)	0.60
Isothiocyanate (umol/L) ^b	95.5 (42.9)	40.0 (14.4)	56.9 (23.0)	59.9 (14.8)	0.32

Plasma

Urine

p-value based on Wilcoxon rank sum test comparing changes in each marker between groups.

^†

between group difference at baseline Wilcoxon test p-value < 0.1

^‡

between group difference at baseline Wilcoxon test p-value < 0.05

within group change p-value < 0.1

^**

within group change p-value < 0.05