Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Residence in a Primary Care Shortage Area among MESA Participants, Baseline Exam (2000–2002)
| Total (n=6,047) | Residence in an PC-HPSA
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=1,008) | No (n=5,039) | P-value | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 61.9 (10.1) | 62.1 (10.3) | 61.9 (10.1) | 0.52 |
| Female, % | 52.4 | 55.1 | 51.9 | 0.07 |
| Race/Ethnicity, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Caucasian | 39.5 | 9.0 | 45.6 | |
| Chinese | 11.8 | 7.2 | 12.7 | |
| African American | 27.0 | 44.6 | 23.5 | |
| Hispanic | 21.7 | 39.1 | 18.2 | |
| Education, % | ||||
| Less than High School | 16.9 | 28.9 | 14.5 | <0.0001 |
| High School Graduate | 18.2 | 18.6 | 18.2 | 0.78 |
| Some College | 28.5 | 29.4 | 28.4 | 0.53 |
| College Graduate | 17.9 | 12.4 | 19.0 | <0.0001 |
| Graduate School | 18.4 | 10.8 | 20.0 | <0.0001 |
| Site, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Forsyth County, North Carolina | 15.7 | 0.1 | 18.8 | |
| New York City, New York | 16.1 | 56.1 | 8.1 | |
| Baltimore, Maryland | 15.7 | 2.2 | 18.4 | |
| St. Paul, Minnesota | 16.0 | 1.1 | 19.0 | |
| Chicago, Illinois | 17.5 | 29.1 | 15.2 | |
| Los Angeles, California | 19.0 | 11.5 | 20.5 | |
| Family Income < $40,000 | 49.0 | 63.2 | 46.1 | <0.0001 |
| Time Lived in Neighborhood, median, years | 16.0 | 21.6 | 15.0 | <0.0001 |
| Health Insurance, % | ||||
| HMO/Private Insurance | 70.6 | 65.7 | 71.6 | 0.0002 |
| Medicaid | 6.7 | 12.6 | 5.5 | <0.0001 |
| Medicare | 35.1 | 34.5 | 35.2 | 0.66 |
| Military or Veterans Affairs | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 0.21 |
| Other | 6.5 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 0.08 |
| No Health Insurance | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 0.91 |
| Married, % | 61.7 | 52.1 | 63.6 | <0.0001 |
| Usual Source of Care, % | 0.16 | |||
| Doctor’s Office / Clinic | 93.3 | 93.2 | 93.4 | |
| Hospital or Emergency Room | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 | |
| Other | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.0 | |
| Birthplace, % | <0.0001 | |||
| US | 69.1 | 51.8 | 72.6 | |
| Puerto Rico | 2.2 | 7.4 | 1.2 | |
| Other Country | 28.7 | 40.8 | 26.2 | |
| English Spoken at Home, % | 75.9 | 50.8 | 79.7 | <0.0001 |
| Employment, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Homemaker | 10.9 | 9.1 | 11.3 | |
| Employed Full-Time | 39.6 | 38.3 | 39.8 | |
| Employed Part-Time | 8.9 | 6.4 | 9.4 | |
| Employed, On Leave | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | |
| Unemployed | 2.1 | 3.2 | 1.9 | |
| Retired | 37.5 | 41.2 | 36.8 | |
| Residential Status, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Rent | 27.7 | 57.6 | 21.7 | |
| Paying Mortgage | 40.4 | 21.5 | 44.2 | |
| Own | 28.3 | 16.8 | 30.6 | |
| Other | 3.6 | 4.1 | 3.6 | |
| Family History of Heart Attack, % Neighborhood SES Scores, mean (SD) | 33.3 | 29.8 | 34.0 | 0.0019 |
| Score 1 – Poverty | 0.22 (1.03) | 1.38 (0.76) | −0.01 (0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Score 2 – Education / Occupation | −0.37 (1.26) | 0.42 (0.82) | −0.52 (1.28) | <0.0001 |
| Score 3 – Immigrants / Crowding | 0.79 (1.09) | 1.39 (1.16) | 0.67 (1.03) | <0.0001 |
| Score 4 – African American / | 0.57 (0.93) | 1.41 (0.74) | 0.40 (0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Score 5 – Residential Instability | 0.41 (0.96) | 0.97 (0.82) | 0.29 (0.94) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; PC-HPSA, Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Area; SD, standard deviation; HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; SES, socioeconomic status