Table 1. Odds ratios for individual healthy behaviours at base-line and the various outcomes during 30 years in the Caerphilly Prospective Study.

Healthy		Disease		Cognitive	function	Death
behaviours	Diabetes (214 men)	Vascular disease (752 men)	Cancer (648 men)	Any impairment (219) men)	Dementia (79) men)	(1,208 men)
Non-smoking	1.36	0.70	0.65	0.74	0.95	0.42
(1,017 men)	(1.02 to 1.82)	(0.58 to 0.84)	(0.54 to 0.79)	(0.50 to 1.08)	(0.54 to 1.69)	(0.35 to 0.51)
BMI: 18 to under 25	0.31	0.69	1.37	1.00	1.06	1.27
(791 men)	(0.21 to 0.45)	(0.57 to 0.83)	(1.13 to 1.66)	(0.66 to 1.51)	(0.58 to 1.94)	(1.05 to 1.53)
Fruit/vegetable consumption 3+portions/day	0.91	0.95	0.97	0.79	0.80	0.82
(394 men)	(0.62 to 1.33)	(0.75 to 1.21)	(0.76 to 1.23)	(0.52 to 1.20)	(0.40 to 1.61)	(0.65 to 1.03)
Regular exercise	0.63	0.89	1.06	0.62	0.41	0.82
(874 men)	(0.46 to 0.85)	(0.74 to 1.07)	(0.88 to 1.28)	(0.41 to 0.92)	(0.22 to 0.77)	(0.68 to 0.99)
Alcohol intake within limits	1.02	0.97	0.94	0.68	0.65	0.87
(1,320 men)	(0.77 to 1.37)	(0.81 to 1.16)	(0.78 to 1.14)	(0.46 to 1.00)	(0.37 to 1.16)	(0.72 to 1.04)

All odds ratios have been adjusted for age and social class.

[27]. Cognitive function has also been adjusted for the National Adult Reading Test

Vascular disease includes ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke.

Smoking  =  men not smoking, including ex-smokers.

BMI (Body Mass Index)  =  18 to 25 Kg/m2.

Fruit and vegetable consumption  =  3 or more portions per day, plus less than 30% of calories from fat. The criterion for fruit and vegetable intake had to be reduced because only 15 men consumed five portions per day).

Regular exercise  =  walking two or more miles to work each day, or cycling ten or more miles to work each day, or ‘vigorous’ exercise described as a regular habit.

Alcohol intake  =  three or fewer units per day, with abstinence not treated as a healthy behaviour.