Table 4.
Demographics and hospital outcomes of discharge records stratified by background liver disease n (%)
| NAFLD (n = 32347) | Other liver diseases (n = 271049) | P value | Missing | |
| Average age (yr) | 52.3 ± 16.5 | 55.3 ± 15.4 | < 0.0001 | 0 |
| Female gender | 19027 (58.8) | 112788 (41.6) | < 0.0001 | 78 (0.0003) |
| Non-elective admission | 25291 (78.4) | 231024 (85.4) | < 0.0001 | 521 (0.2) |
| Ethnicity | < 0.0001 | 29349 (9.7) | ||
| White | 20536 (70.7) | 152778 (62.4) | ||
| Black | 2798 (9.6) | 45634 (18.6) | ||
| Hispanic | 4135 (14.2) | 32124 (13.1) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 592 (2.0) | 5720 (2.3) | ||
| Native American | 191 (0.7) | 2075 (0.9) | ||
| Other | 797 (2.7) | 6667 (2.7) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 14027 (43.4) | 78011 (28.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Hypertension | 18413 (56.9) | 129031 (47.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Obesity | 11920 (36.9) | 21677 (8.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 12262 (37.9) | 42299 (15.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 9286 (28.7) | 23888 (8.8) | < 0.0001 | |
| Location | < 0.0001 | 13512 (4.4) | ||
| Central Metropolitan | 9115 (28.8) | 91426 (35.4) | ||
| Fringe Metropolitan | 8540 (27.0) | 58794 (22.8) | ||
| Metro below one million | 6003 (19.0) | 48308 (18.7) | ||
| 50000-250000 population | 2563 (8.1) | 19519 (7.6) | ||
| Micropolitan | 3482 (11.0) | 24641 (9.5) | ||
| Other | 1948 (6.2) | 15545 (6.0) | ||
| Median zip code income ($) | < 0.0001 | 13104 (4.3) | ||
| < 39000 | 8003 (25.3) | 89265 (34.5) | ||
| 39000-47999 | 8140 (25.7) | 65082 (25.2) | ||
| 48000-62999 | 8006 (25.3) | 58595 (22.7) | ||
| ≥ 63000 | 7488 (23.7) | 45713 (17.7) | ||
| Primary payer | < 0.0001 | 870 (0.3) | ||
| Medicare | 10429 (32.3) | 104892 (38.8) | ||
| Medicaid | 4461 (13.8) | 65829 (24.4) | ||
| Private | 13602 (42.1) | 59410 (22.0) | ||
| Self-pay | 2454 (7.6) | 24729 (9.2) | ||
| No charge | 244 (0.8) | 2917 (1.1) | ||
| Other | 1107 (3.4) | 12452 (4.6) | ||
| Major operative procedure | 9804 (30.3) | 47187 (17.4) | < 0.0001 | 0 |
| Average total hospital charges ($) | 39607.3 ± 52512 | 51665 ± 90685 | < 0.0001 | 0 |
| Average length of hospital stay (d) | 4.7 ± 6.0 | 6.6 ± 9.7 | < 0.0001 | 0 |
| Discharge disposition | < 0.0001 | 420 (0.001) | ||
| Routine | 25703 (79.5) | 167545 (61.9) | ||
| Acute care | 660 (2.0) | 9190 (3.4) | ||
| Another health facility | 2273 (7.0) | 39311 (14.5) | ||
| Home Health | 3114 (9.6) | 30276 (11.2) | ||
| AMA | 269 (0.8) | 7691 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 10 (0.03) | 479 (0.2) | ||
| Died in hospital | 301 (0.9) | 16154 (6.0) | < 0.0001 | 571 (0.2) |
| Aprdrg mortality risk | < 0.0001 | 347 (0.1) | ||
| Minor | 14347 (44.4) | 82849 (30.4) | ||
| Moderate | 11678 (36.1) | 84343 (31.1) | ||
| Major | 4921 (15.2) | 63614 (23.5) | ||
| Extreme | 1377 (4.3) | 40280 (14.9) | ||
| Aprdrg severity | < 0.0001 | 347 (0.1) | ||
| Minor functional loss | 814 (2.5) | 12242 (4.5) | ||
| Moderate functional loss | 18105 (56.0) | 88446 (32.6) | ||
| Major functional loss | 11156 (35.0) | 116365 (43.0) | ||
| Extreme functional loss | 2248 (7.0) | 53673 (19.8) | ||
| Associated Diagnoses | ||||
| Abdominal Hernia | 3459 (10.7) | 12755 (4.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| Appendiceal disorders | 254 (0.8) | 728 (0.3) | < 0.0001 | |
| Benign anus-rectum disorders | 174 (0.5) | 1401 (0.5) | 0.62 | |
| Benign biliary disorders | 5421 (16.8) | 19306 (7.1) | < 0.0001 | |
| Benign pancreatic disorders | 3379 (10.5) | 15898 (5.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Diverticular disease | 2845 (8.8) | 8697 (3.2) | < 0.0001 | |
| Esophageal disorders (non-variceal) | 9114 (28.2) | 41835 (15.4) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastritis/duodenitis | 2163 (6.7) | 11220 (4.1) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastroduodenal ulcer | 1011 (3.1) | 7477 (2.8) | 0.002 | |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 1119 (3.5) | 23651 (8.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastrointestinal malignancies | 688 (2.1) | 6871 (2.5) | < 0.0001 | |
| Hepatobiliary malignancies | 84 (0.3) | 7903 (2.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 555 (1.7) | 2659 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Intestinal infection | 886 (2.7) | 5904 (2.2) | < 0.0001 | |
| Intestinal obstruction | 1346 (4.2) | 7898 (2.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Peritonitis-abscess | 326 (1.0) | 5772 (2.1) | < 0.0001 | |
| Principal discharge diagnoses | ||||
| Appendicitis | 217 (0.7) | 554 (0.2) | < 0.0001 | |
| Benign anus-rectal disorders | 163 (0.5) | 1694 (0.6) | 0.008 | |
| Benign pancreatitis | 2224 (6.9) | 7074 (2.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Diverticular disease | 898 (2.8) | 1805 (0.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| Esophagitis | 306 (1.0) | 1762 (0.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gallstone disorders | 2622 (8.1) | 5978 (2.2) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastroduodenal ulcer | 232 (0.7) | 2572 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastroduodenitis | 713 (2.2) | 3481 (1.3) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gastrointestinal malignancies | 338 (1.0) | 3017 (1.1) | 0.27 | |
| Hepatobiliary malignancies | 68 (0.2) | 2837 (1.1) | < 0.0001 | |
| Hernia | 204 (0.6) | 1497 (0.6) | 0.07 | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 242 (0.8) | 696 (0.3) | < 0.0001 | |
| Intestinal Infection | 235 (0.7) | 1999 (0.7) | 0.83 |
NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; AMA: American medical association.