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. 2013 Dec 10;7:226. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00226

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Copyright © 2013 Diepenbroek, van der Plasse, Eggels, Rijnsburger, Feenstra, Kalsbeek, Denys, Fliers, Serlie and la Fleur.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Blood glucose concentrations (A,B), and plasma- glucagon (C,D), corticosterone (E,F) and insulin (G,H) concentrations during and following stimulation. Effects of 100 μA stimulation (n = 6) are shown in the left column, black squares = sham stimulation, white squares = 100 μA stimulation (A,C,E,G), the right column (B,D,F,H) shows stimulation at 200 μA (n = 5), black circles = sham stimulation, white circles = 200 μA stimulation. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^*p < 0.05, ^#p < 0.10. (A–B) Blood glucose concentrations were significantly elevated following stimulation at 200 μA compared with sham stimulation. (A) An overall time effect (p < 0.001), but no stimulation or interaction effect. (B) rmANOVA indicated an effect of stimulation (p = 0.03), post-hoc testing showed that glucose concentrations were significant higher at t = 5, and t = 30 (both p = 0.04), a trend was detected for t = 10 (p = 0.06). (C,D) Plasma glucagon concentrations significantly increased following stimulation at 200 μA compared with sham. (C) An effect of time (p < 0.001) and a trend for time * stimulation (p = 0.09). (D) rmANOVA revealed a significant effect of time (p = 0.05) and time * stimulation (p = 0.03). A trend for higher glucagon elevations was detected at t = 5 (p = 0.07). (E,F) Stimulation at both intensities increased plasma corticosterone concentrations. (E) rmANOVA revealed a time (p < 0.001) and an interaction effect between time and stimulation (p < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis revealed a trend for t = 30 (p = 0.09). (F) rmANOVA revealed a trend for time (p = 0.10), a significant effect of time * stimulation (p < 0.001) and a trend for stimulation (p = 0.07). Corticosterone elevation was significant at t = 10 (p = 0.05) and a trend was detected for t = 15, t = 30, t = 90 (p = 0.07, p = 0.06 and p = 0.08 respectively). (G,H) Plasma insulin concentrations were not significant different between the stimulation and sham condition of either 100 or 200 μA stimulated animals.