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. 2013 Oct 9;39(1):202–219. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.210

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Among subjects with the lowest heart rates at the start of treatment, heart rates increased significantly (lower CSSA bradycardia score) after 3–5 days of abstinence verified by a negative urine-drug screen (UDS). Bradycardia acts like a withdrawal sign.