Table 1.

Sample characteristics.

	N (%)
Lesion level [23]
High level (L2 and above)	49 (27.2%)
Middle (L3–L5)	85 (47.2%)
Low (S1 and below)	43 (23.9%)
Unknown	3 (1.7%)
Ambulation* [48]
Community ambulatory	101 (56.1%)
Household ambulatory	21 (11.7%)
Non-functional ambulatory	2 (1.1%)
Non-ambulatory	50 (27.8%)
Unknown	6 (3.3%)
Hydrocephalus status
Shunted hydrocephalus	106 (58.9%)
Non-shunted hydrocephalus	2 (1.1%)
No hydrocephalus	71 (39.4%)
Primary diagnoses
Myelomeningocele	133 (73.9%)
Lipomeningocele	38 (21.1%)
Other	9 (5%)
Secondary diagnoses
Neurogenic bladder	108 (60.0%)
Neurogenic bowel	56 (31.1%)
Arnold Chiari II malformation	36 (20.0%)
Depression	36 (20.0%)
Scoliosis	43 (23.9%)
Tethered cord	12 (6.7%)
Obesity/weight issues	5 (2.8%)
Club foot	23 (12.8%)
Developmental delay	14 (7.8%)
Learning disability	4 (2.2%)
ADHD	15 (8.3%)
Medications
None	36 (20%)
Anti-cholinergic	109 (60.6%)
Antibiotic (inc prophylaxis)	68 (37.8%)
Stool softener/laxative	58 (32.2%)
Anti-seizure	10 (5.6%)
Other	32 (17.8%)

^*Community ambulatory = walks indoors and outdoors; household ambulatory = walk only indoors; non-functional ambulatory = only walks during therapy sessions; non-ambulatory = always in wheelchair [48].