Table 2.
Genome-wide estimates of the duplication rates for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
| Species | Genome-Wide Gene Duplication Rate |
|
|---|---|---|
| Bioinformatic | Empirical | |
| Unicellular eukaryotes | ||
| E. cuniculi | 11.7 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| P. falciparum | 0.3 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| S. cerevisiae | 2.5 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | 3.4 × 10-6(d) |
| 1.0 × 10-11/gene/year(c) | ||
| S. pombe | 1.6 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| Multicellular eukaryotes | ||
| A. gambiae | 6.2 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| A. thaliana | 3.2 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| C. elegans | 2.8 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | 3.4 × 10-7(e) |
| D. melanog- aster | 1.1 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | 3.7 × 10-7(f) |
| F. rubripes | 4.3 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| H. sapiens | 4.9 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
| 1.1 × 10-9/gene/year(g) | ||
| M. musculus | 3.0 × 10-3 per 1% silent-site divergence(a, b) | – |
Estimates are further classified into bioinoformatic versus empirical estimates. Bioinformatic estimates are based on the distribution of evolutionarily young gene duplicates in the genomes of laboratory strains or natural isolates. Empirical estimates are derived from mutation accumulation (MA) experiments involving experimental lines propagated under strict bottlenecking conditions. All rate measurements are in duplications/gene/generation unless otherwise specified. The loci are listed in parentheses.
(b)