Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic tests and procedures used for the detection of enterovesical fistulae.

Modality	Advantages	Disadvantages
Cystoscopy	Direct visualisation of the bladder Allows for the biopsy of a lesion	Invasive test Visualises only intraluminal content Success rate of 35%–46%
Colonoscopy	Helps to identify bowel pathology that caused a colovesical fistula	Invasive test Visualises only intraluminal content Success rate of 8.5%–55%
Poppy seed test	Noninvasive Inexpensive Convenient to perform Accuracy of up to 100%	Does not provide information on fistula location and type
Transabdominal ultrasonography	No X-ray exposure Inexpensive and available Success rate of up to 100%	Does not provide more detailed information regarding complexity of a fistula
Abdominopelvic CT	Modality of choice Diagnostic accuracy between 30 and 100% Provides information about the complexity of a fistula and the surrounding anatomical structures	X-ray exposure Expensive Often fails to identify fistulous tract
MRI	No X-ray exposure Helpful in complex cases Success rate of up to 100%	Expensive Limited availability
Barium enema	Useful in differentiating diverticular disease from colonic cancer Low perforation rates (<1%)	X-ray exposure Barium peritonitis Visualises only intraluminal content Detection rate of approximately 30%
Bourne test	Inexpensive Detection rate for colovesical fistulae of up to 90%	Does not provide information on fistula location and type
Cystogram	Easy to perform Available	X-ray exposure Low detection rate Does not provide information on fistula location Not helpful in case of a complex fistula