Urinary Incontinence (UI): Complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine. Some classify UI based on symptoms, whereas others use pathophysiology to define subgroups. Also, there may be overlap among subgroups. Therefore, for this study we propose the following categories of UI: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI): The complaint of involuntary leakage on effort or exertion or on sneezing or coughing. In SUI, there is a spectrum of urethral characteristics ranging from a highly mobile urethra with good intrinsic function to an immobile urethra with poor intrinsic function. Urodynamic stress incontinence is noted during filling cystometry and is defined as the involuntary leakage of urine during increased abdominal pressure, in the absence of detrusor contraction. Urge Urinary Incontinence (UUI): The complaint of involuntary leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency. UUI is often associated with detrusor overactivity which may be spontaneously provoked. UUI is part of the overactive bladder symptom complex. Overactive Bladder (OAB) is defined as urgency, usually with frequency and nocturia with or without UUI, that occurs in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology.

Urethral Hypermobility: A cause of SUI where the urethra fails to close and becomes overly moveable. This condition results in sub-optimal urethral functioning and induces a lack of pressure transmission on the bladder neck.

Uroflow: Measurement of flow, flow rate and force of urine stream.

Post void Residual (PVR): Volume of urine left in the bladder at the completion of micturition.

Urodynamics Testing: Functional study of the lower urinary tract. Uroflowmetry and post void residual volume measurement are generally performed prior to filling and voiding cystometry.

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training: Repetitive, selective, voluntary contraction and relaxation of specific pelvic floor muscles. It is used as a non-surgical, non- pharmacological treatment for lower urinary tract rehabilitation.

Bulking Agent: Ideally a non-immunogenic and biocompatible agent, usually comprised of particles suspended in a bio-degradable carrier gel. Currently available injectables include polytetrafluoroethylene, bovine collagen, autologous fat, silicon particles, carbon beads, calcium hydroxyapatite, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and porcine dermal implant. The bulking agent is injected into urethral sub-mucosa to create artificial cushions with the goal of improving urethral coaptation and restore continence.

Sling Procedure: Vaginally-approached surgical technique used for the treatment of UI whereby the surgeon creates an artificial suspension support for the urethra through the use of a narrow band or either autologous or synthetic material.

Burch Procedure: Traditional gold standard for surgical treatment of SUI. In this abdominally-approached procedure, the surgeon evaluates and fixes the patient’s anterior vaginal wall and paravesical tissues to the ileopectinal line of the pelvic sidewall, creating a broad sling that supports and elevates the bladder neck.