Table 2. Quality assessment of studies assessing the criterion-related validity of instruments to screen for perinatal depression.
| Citation | Country | Index Test | Language | Reference Criterion | Period (Timing) | Case-Control† | Uniform Test‡ | Blinding¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abiodun and colleagues [80] | Nigeria | GHQ-30 | Yoruba | PSE | Antenatal | Yes | No | Yes |
| Abiodun [81] | Nigeria | GHQ-12, HADS | Yoruba | PSE | Antenatal | Yes | No | Yes |
| Abiodun [82] | Nigeria | EPDS | Yoruba | PSE | Postnatal (6 wk) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Aderibigbe and Gureje [83] | Nigeria | GHQ-28 | Yoruba | PAS | Antenatal | Yes | No | Yes |
| Adewuya and colleagues [84] | Nigeria | EPDS, BDI | Yoruba | SCID | Postnatal (6 wk) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Adewuya [85] | Nigeria | EPDS | Yoruba | SADS | Postnatal (8 wk) | No | Unclear | Unclear |
| Adewuya and colleagues [86] | Nigeria | EPDS | Yoruba | MINI | Antenatal | Yes | No | Yes |
| Agoub and colleagues [87] | Morocco | EPDS | Arabic | MINI | Postnatal (6 mo) | No | No | No |
| Baggaley and colleagues [88] | Burkina Faso | K10/K6 | West African French, Moore, Dioula | Clinical interview | Postnatal (6 mo) | No | Yes | Yes |
| Bass and colleagues [51] | Democratic Republic of Congo | HSCL, EPDS, Malady ya Souci | Lingala, French | Key informant | Postnatal (unclear) | Yes | Yes | Unclear |
| Chibanda and colleagues [89] | Zimbabwe | EPDS | Shona | Clinical interview | Postnatal (6 wk) | No | Yes | Yes |
| Hanlon and colleagues [90] | Ethiopia | SRQ | Amharic | CPRS | Postnatal (unclear) | No | Yes | Unclear |
| Kaaya and colleagues [91] | Tanzania | HSCL | Kiswahili | SCID | Antenatal | No | Yes | Yes |
| Lawrie and colleagues [92] | South Africa | EPDS | English | Clinical interview | Postnatal (6 wk) | No | No | Yes |
| Nhiwatiwa and colleagues [50] | Zimbabwe | SSQ | Shona | CISR | Antenatal* | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Rochat [93] | South Africa | EPDS | Zulu | SCID | Antenatal | No | Yes | Unclear |
| Spies and colleagues [94] | South Africa | K10/K6 | Afrikaans | SCID | Antenatal | No | Yes | Unclear |
| Taiwo and Olayinka [95] | Nigeria | EPDS | Hausa | Clinical interview | Postnatal (6 wk) | Yes | No | Yes |
| Tesfaye and colleagues [96] | Ethiopia | K10/K6 | Amharic | Clinical interview | Postnatal (unclear) | No | Yes | Yes |
| Uwakwe and Okonkwo [97] | Nigeria | EPDS | Igbo | Clinical interview | Postnatal (unclear) | No | No | Unclear |
| Weobong and colleagues [98] | Ghana | EPDS, SRQ, PHQ | Twi | CPRS | Postnatal (5-11 wk) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CISR = Revised Clinical Interview Schedule; CPRS = Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GHQ = General Health Questionnaire; MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PAS = Psychiatric Assessment Schedule; PSE = Present State Examination; SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SRQ = Self-Reporting Questionnaire; SSQ = Shona Symptom Questionnaire
† A case-control study design is one in which the reference criterion is established in a subset of participants based on the results of the index test.
‡ A non-uniform test may result when the index test is not administered in a uniform fashion, e.g., in study design in which literate participants may self-administer the index test and illiterate participants are administered the index test by a trained interviewer.
¶ The reference criterion is administered and/or assessed without knowledge of the index test results.
* The index test assessed antenatally was employed to predict the reference criterion assessed postnatally.