Table 1.
Moderator |
Outcome |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source, Year |
n | Male % |
Race | Study Design | Adversity Measure |
Informant | Age | Antisocial Behavior |
Informant | Age | Findinga | 1 Tailed P Valueb |
Caspi et a,l(1) 2002 |
442 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT(C), OBS, PR |
3 to 11 | CD, Violent Conviction, APD sx, Violent Disposition |
INF, INT(C), OR, SR |
11 to 18 | Positive | 0.0050 |
229 | 0% | CD | INT(C) | Negative | 0.1285** | |||||||
Foley et al,(12) 2004 |
514 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT(C, P) | <18 | CD | INT(C, P) | <18 | Positive | 0.0200 |
Haberstick et al,(13) 2005 |
772 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT(C), SR | <18 | Conduct Problems, Violent Convictions |
INT, OR | 16, 17 & 22 |
Negative | 0.1423* |
Huizinga et al,(14) 2006 |
277 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | SR | <17 | CD, Violent Conviction, APD sx, Violent Disposition |
INF, INT(C), OR, SR |
14 to 28 | Negative (Opposite) |
0.7794* |
Kim-Cohen et al,(15) 2006 |
975 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT (P) | ≤ 7 | ASB; Attention/ Hyperactivity; Emotional Problems |
PR, TR | 7 | Positive | 0.0145 |
Nilsson et al,(16) 2006 |
79 | 100% | White | Cross-sectional | Maltreatment; Type of Residence |
INT(C), OR |
≤ 16 or 19 | Stealing, Vandalism, Violence |
INT(C) | 16 & 19 | Positive | 0.0078 |
Widom & Brzustowicz,(17) 2006 |
261 | 67% | White | Longitudinal (Case vs. Control) |
Maltreatment | OR | <12 | CD sx, APD sx, Violent Behaviors |
INT(C), OR, SR |
<18 to 18+ | Positive | 0.0143* |
148 | 62% | NW | Negative | 0.5000* | ||||||||
Frazzetto et al,(18) 2007 |
82 | 100% | White | Cross-Sectional (Case vs. Control) |
Early Adverse Experiences |
SR | <16 | Physical Aggression | SR | m=30.88 | Positive | 0.0020 |
153 | 0% | Negative | 0.4230 | |||||||||
Sjoberg et al,(26) 2007 |
117 | 0% | White | Cross-Sectional | Maltreatment; Type of Residence |
SR | ≤ 16 or 19 | Stealing, Vandalism, Violence |
INT(C) | 16 or 19 | Negative (Opposite) |
0.9082 |
Vanyukov et al,(27) 2007 |
144 | 100% | White | Longitudinal (High Risk) |
Parental Involvement |
SR | 12 to 18 | CD, ADHD | INT (C, P) | 12 to 18 | Partial Opposite |
0.6517* |
Ducci et al,(37) 2008 |
187 | 0% | White | Cross-Sectional (Case vs. Control) |
Maltreatment | INT(C), OR |
<16 | APSD sx | INT(C) | m=37.80 | Positive | 0.0002 |
Hart et al,(28) 2009 |
672 | 100% | NW UNS |
Longitudinal | Neighborhood Characteristics |
OR | r=11-21 | Aggression | SR | r=11-23 | Positive | 0.0250 |
Prom- Wormley et al,(36) 2009 |
721 | 0% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | PR, SR | <18 | CD | PR, SR | <18 | Opposite | 0.9750 |
van der Vegt et al,(19) 2009 |
239 | 100% | NW | Cross-Sectional | Maltreatment | INF | ≤15 | Externalizing Behaviors (aggression, delinquency) |
PR | ≤15 | Negative (Opposite) |
0.9000 |
Weder et al,(33) 2009 |
114 | 66% | NW | Cross-Sectional (Case vs. Control) |
Maltreatment | INT(P, C), SR, OR |
≤15 | Aggression, Rule Breaking, Inattention |
TR | ≤15 | Partial Positive |
0.0359* |
Beach et al,(20) 2010 |
244 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT (C) | <18 | APD sx | INT(C) | m=46.48 | Negative | 0.0300 |
294 | 0% | m=44.95 | Positive | 0.0240 | ||||||||
Beaver et al,(29) 2010 |
420 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Protective-Risk Index |
SR | <18 | Incarceration, Anger/ Hostility |
OR, SR | r=24-32 | Partial Positive |
0.0694* |
493 | 0% | Negative | 0.1539* | |||||||||
Derringer et al.,(21) 2010 |
595 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment | INT (C), SR |
<18 | CD sx, APD sx |
INT(C) | 17, 21 & 25 |
Negative | 0.3520* |
246 | 0% | Partial Positive |
0.1057* | |||||||||
Edwards et al,(22) 2010 |
186 | 100% | White | Longitudinal (High Risk) |
Maltreatment | SR | <6 | Externalizing Behaviors (aggression, delinquency) |
PR, SR, TR | 6 to 22 | Negative | 0.0675 |
Enoch et al,(30) 2010 |
3182 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Family Adversity, Stressful Life Events |
PR | PN to 7 | Conduct Problems, ADHD |
PR | 4 & 7 | Negative | 0.3936* |
3976 | 0% | Partial Positive |
0.1635* | |||||||||
Wakschlag et al,(31) 2010 |
78 | 100% | White | Longitudinal (High Risk) |
Prenatal Smoking | DT, PR | PN | CD sx | PR | m=15 | Positive | 0.0160* |
99 | 0% | Opposite | 0.9990* | |||||||||
Aslund et al,(23) 2011 |
780 | 100% | White | Cross-Sectional | Maltreatment | INT (C) | <18 | Stealing, Vandalism, Violence |
SR | r=17-18 | Positive | 0.0048* |
882 | 0% | Opposite | 0.9995* | |||||||||
Lee,(32) 2011 |
672 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Deviant Peer Behavior |
SR | m=15.65 | Overt/Covert ASB | SR | mr=15-22 | Partial Opposite |
0.9641* |
Reti et al,(34) 2011 |
283 | 52% | White | Cross-Sectional | Maltreatment | INT (C) | <18 | APD sx | INT(C) | 18+ | Opposite | 0.9236 |
Cicchetti et al,(24) 2012 |
312 | 100% | NW | Cross-Sectional (High Risk) |
Maltreatment | OR | ≤ 12 | CD sx, ASB, Externalizing Behaviors (aggression, delinquency) |
INF, INT(C), TR |
≤ 12 | Partial Positive |
0.1190* |
Fergusson et al,(25) 2012 |
351 | 100% | White | Longitudinal | Maltreatment; PN Smoking; Material Deprivation |
INT(C), SR | PN to 15 | Violent/Property Offenses, Conduct Problems, Hostility |
INT(C), SR, OR |
15 to 21; 25 & 30 |
Positive | 0.0192* |
McGrath et al,(38) 2012 |
192 | 0% | White | Cross-Sectional (High Risk) |
Maltreatment | SR | <18 | Conduct Problems, Impulsive-Sensation Seeking, Interpersonal Aggression, PN Smoking |
SR | m=42.9 | Negative (Opposite) |
0.9066 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; APD, Antisocial Personality Disorder; ASB, Antisocial Behaviors; C, Child; CD, Conduct Disorder; DT, Drug Test; INF, Other Informant; INT, Interview; m, mean age; mr, mean age range; n, number of participants; NW, Non-white; OBS, Observation; OR, Official Record; P, Parent; PN, Prenatal; PR, Parent-Report; r, age range; SR, Self-Report; sx, Symptom Count; TR, Teacher-Report.
“Positive” indicates a significant (P<.05) interaction effect with the low-activity MAOA variant, as presented in the original study report, “Negative” indicates no interaction effect (P>.05), and “Opposite” indicates a significant (P<.05) interaction with the high-activity MAOA variant. “Partial” indicates a significant interaction effect for one or more, but not all, measures tested in a study with multiple dependent variables.
One-tailed P-value, with smaller values (P<.50) indicating greater sensitivity among low-activity MAOA subjects and larger values (P>.50) indicating greater sensitivity among high-activity MAOA subjects.
Denotes a weighted mean P-value created when multiple dependent variables and/or multiple environmental moderators were analyzed separately in the published report.
From footnoted observations that were not a component of primary analyses in Caspi et al,(1) 2002.