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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun 18;75(1):10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004

Table 1.

Description of MAOA, Early Life Adversity and Antisocial Behavior Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis

Moderator
Outcome
Source,
Year
n Male
%
Race Study Design Adversity
Measure
Informant Age Antisocial
Behavior
Informant Age Findinga 1 Tailed
P Valueb
Caspi et
a,l(1) 2002
442 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT(C),
OBS, PR
3 to 11 CD, Violent
Conviction,
APD sx, Violent
Disposition
INF,
INT(C),
OR, SR
11 to 18 Positive 0.0050
229 0% CD INT(C) Negative 0.1285**
Foley et
al,(12) 2004
514 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT(C, P) <18 CD INT(C, P) <18 Positive 0.0200
Haberstick et
al,(13) 2005
772 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT(C), SR <18 Conduct Problems,
Violent Convictions
INT, OR 16, 17
& 22
Negative 0.1423*
Huizinga et
al,(14) 2006
277 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment SR <17 CD, Violent
Conviction,
APD sx, Violent
Disposition
INF,
INT(C),
OR, SR
14 to 28 Negative
(Opposite)
0.7794*
Kim-Cohen
et al,(15)
2006
975 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT (P) ≤ 7 ASB;
Attention/
Hyperactivity;
Emotional Problems
PR, TR 7 Positive 0.0145
Nilsson et
al,(16) 2006
79 100% White Cross-sectional Maltreatment;
Type of Residence
INT(C),
OR
≤ 16 or 19 Stealing,
Vandalism,
Violence
INT(C) 16 & 19 Positive 0.0078
Widom &
Brzustowicz,(17) 2006
261 67% White Longitudinal
(Case vs. Control)
Maltreatment OR <12 CD sx, APD sx,
Violent Behaviors
INT(C),
OR, SR
<18 to 18+ Positive 0.0143*
148 62% NW Negative 0.5000*
Frazzetto et
al,(18) 2007
82 100% White Cross-Sectional
(Case vs. Control)
Early Adverse
Experiences
SR <16 Physical Aggression SR m=30.88 Positive 0.0020
153 0% Negative 0.4230
Sjoberg et
al,(26) 2007
117 0% White Cross-Sectional Maltreatment;
Type of Residence
SR ≤ 16 or 19 Stealing,
Vandalism,
Violence
INT(C) 16 or 19 Negative
(Opposite)
0.9082
Vanyukov et
al,(27) 2007
144 100% White Longitudinal
(High Risk)
Parental
Involvement
SR 12 to 18 CD, ADHD INT (C, P) 12 to 18 Partial
Opposite
0.6517*
Ducci et
al,(37) 2008
187 0% White Cross-Sectional
(Case vs. Control)
Maltreatment INT(C),
OR
<16 APSD sx INT(C) m=37.80 Positive 0.0002
Hart et
al,(28) 2009
672 100% NW
UNS
Longitudinal Neighborhood
Characteristics
OR r=11-21 Aggression SR r=11-23 Positive 0.0250
Prom-
Wormley et
al,(36) 2009
721 0% White Longitudinal Maltreatment PR, SR <18 CD PR, SR <18 Opposite 0.9750
van der Vegt
et al,(19)
2009
239 100% NW Cross-Sectional Maltreatment INF ≤15 Externalizing
Behaviors
(aggression,
delinquency)
PR ≤15 Negative
(Opposite)
0.9000
Weder et
al,(33) 2009
114 66% NW Cross-Sectional
(Case vs. Control)
Maltreatment INT(P, C),
SR, OR
≤15 Aggression, Rule
Breaking,
Inattention
TR ≤15 Partial
Positive
0.0359*
Beach et
al,(20) 2010
244 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT (C) <18 APD sx INT(C) m=46.48 Negative 0.0300
294 0% m=44.95 Positive 0.0240
Beaver et
al,(29) 2010
420 100% White Longitudinal Protective-Risk
Index
SR <18 Incarceration,
Anger/ Hostility
OR, SR r=24-32 Partial
Positive
0.0694*
493 0% Negative 0.1539*
Derringer et
al.,(21) 2010
595 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment INT (C),
SR
<18 CD sx,
APD sx
INT(C) 17, 21
& 25
Negative 0.3520*
246 0% Partial
Positive
0.1057*
Edwards et
al,(22) 2010
186 100% White Longitudinal
(High Risk)
Maltreatment SR <6 Externalizing
Behaviors
(aggression,
delinquency)
PR, SR, TR 6 to 22 Negative 0.0675
Enoch et
al,(30) 2010
3182 100% White Longitudinal Family Adversity,
Stressful Life
Events
PR PN to 7 Conduct Problems,
ADHD
PR 4 & 7 Negative 0.3936*
3976 0% Partial
Positive
0.1635*
Wakschlag et
al,(31) 2010
78 100% White Longitudinal
(High Risk)
Prenatal Smoking DT, PR PN CD sx PR m=15 Positive 0.0160*
99 0% Opposite 0.9990*
Aslund et
al,(23) 2011
780 100% White Cross-Sectional Maltreatment INT (C) <18 Stealing,
Vandalism,
Violence
SR r=17-18 Positive 0.0048*
882 0% Opposite 0.9995*
Lee,(32)
2011
672 100% White Longitudinal Deviant Peer
Behavior
SR m=15.65 Overt/Covert ASB SR mr=15-22 Partial
Opposite
0.9641*
Reti et
al,(34) 2011
283 52% White Cross-Sectional Maltreatment INT (C) <18 APD sx INT(C) 18+ Opposite 0.9236
Cicchetti et
al,(24) 2012
312 100% NW Cross-Sectional
(High Risk)
Maltreatment OR ≤ 12 CD sx, ASB,
Externalizing
Behaviors
(aggression,
delinquency)
INF,
INT(C),
TR
≤ 12 Partial
Positive
0.1190*
Fergusson et
al,(25) 2012
351 100% White Longitudinal Maltreatment;
PN Smoking;
Material
Deprivation
INT(C), SR PN to 15 Violent/Property
Offenses, Conduct
Problems, Hostility
INT(C),
SR, OR
15 to 21;
25 & 30
Positive 0.0192*
McGrath et
al,(38) 2012
192 0% White Cross-Sectional
(High Risk)
Maltreatment SR <18 Conduct Problems,
Impulsive-Sensation
Seeking,
Interpersonal
Aggression,
PN Smoking
SR m=42.9 Negative
(Opposite)
0.9066

Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; APD, Antisocial Personality Disorder; ASB, Antisocial Behaviors; C, Child; CD, Conduct Disorder; DT, Drug Test; INF, Other Informant; INT, Interview; m, mean age; mr, mean age range; n, number of participants; NW, Non-white; OBS, Observation; OR, Official Record; P, Parent; PN, Prenatal; PR, Parent-Report; r, age range; SR, Self-Report; sx, Symptom Count; TR, Teacher-Report.

a

“Positive” indicates a significant (P<.05) interaction effect with the low-activity MAOA variant, as presented in the original study report, “Negative” indicates no interaction effect (P>.05), and “Opposite” indicates a significant (P<.05) interaction with the high-activity MAOA variant. “Partial” indicates a significant interaction effect for one or more, but not all, measures tested in a study with multiple dependent variables.

b

One-tailed P-value, with smaller values (P<.50) indicating greater sensitivity among low-activity MAOA subjects and larger values (P>.50) indicating greater sensitivity among high-activity MAOA subjects.

*

Denotes a weighted mean P-value created when multiple dependent variables and/or multiple environmental moderators were analyzed separately in the published report.

**

From footnoted observations that were not a component of primary analyses in Caspi et al,(1) 2002.