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Generation of retinoid isomers from all-trans-retinal. The all-trans form of retinoids is the lowest in free energy and thus predominates at equilibrium. Formation of retinoid isomers can be facilitated chemically by treatment with I2, sulfhydryls, and trifluoroacetic acid, or by exposure to light. The composition of retinal isomers found at equilibrium is reported after Rando et al.181 and Deval et al.192
