Table 2.
Proteins as PCa biomarkers in FFPE tissue.
| Protein | Description | Clinical significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSA | Prostate-specific antigen | Diagnosis (prostatic metastasis) | [84] |
| P501S | Prostein | Diagnosis (prostatic metastasis) | [84, 85] |
| PSCA | Prostate stem cell antigen | Diagnosis (incl. metastasis), prognosis (↑) | [86–88] |
| AMACR/P504S | α-methylacyl-CoA racemase | Diagnosis (↑) | [89–91, 94, 110, 114] |
| HMWCK | High-molecular-weight cytokeratin | Diagnosis (↓) | [101, 103–105, 110] |
| ANXA3 | Annexin A3 | Prognosis (↓) | [166] |
| CgA | Chromogranin A | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [144–147] |
| OPN | Osteopontin | Prognosis (↑) | [167] |
| ZAG | Zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein | Prognosis (↓) | [168, 169] |
| PSMA | Prostate-specific membrane antigen | Diagnosis, prognosis (↑) | [170, 171] |
| GOLPH2 | Golgi phosphoprotein 2 | Diagnosis (↑) | [99, 100] |
| GST-pi | Glutathione-S-transferase-pi | Diagnosis (↓) | [172] |
| HPN | Hepsin | Diagnosis (↑) | [173, 174] |
| Maspin | Maspin protein/Serpin B5 | Diagnosis (↓, aberrant nuclear distribution) | [172, 175, 176] |
| MMP9 | Matrix metallopeptidase 9 | Prognosis (↑) | [177, 178] |
| PDEF/hPSE | Prostate-derived Ets transcription factor | Diagnosis, prognosis (↓) | [177, 179, 180] |
| SPINK1/TATI | Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1/Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor | Diagnosis, prognosis (↑) | [181, 182] |
| Ki67 | Antigen KI-67 | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [121, 122, 183] |
| B7-H3 and B7x | B7 family members | Prognosis (↑) | [131, 133] |
| p53 | Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Diagnosis (↑), treatment outcome | [134, 135] |
| p27 | Protein p27 | Prognosis (↓) | [184, 185] |
| p16 | Protein p16 | Prognosis (↓), treatment outcome | [186, 187] |
| uPA | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [188, 189] |
| MCT2 | Monocarboxylate transporter 2 | Diagnosis (↑) | [190] |
| AR | Androgen receptor | Prognosis (↓), treatment outcome | [119, 191] |
| PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homologue | Prognosis (↓), treatment outcome | [115, 117–119, 183] |
| MSMB/PSP94 | β-Microseminoprotein/prostate secretory protein 94 | Prognosis (↑) | [192] |
| EZH2 | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase | Prognosis (↑) | [185, 193] |
| HSP27 | Heat shock 27 kDa protein | Prognosis (↑) | [194, 195] |
| ErbB2/HER2 | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 | Prognosis (↑) | [196, 197] |
| NKX3.1 | Homeobox protein Nkx-3.1 | Diagnosis (prostatic metastasis) | [198] |
| c-Myc | Myc protooncogene protein | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [183, 185] |
| BIRC5 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5/Survivin | Prognosis (↓) | [199, 200] |
| KLK4 | Kallikrein-4 | Prognosis (↓) | [201] |
| TERT | Telomerase reverse transcriptase | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [202, 203] |
| CRISP3 | Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 | Diagnosis, prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [95, 204] |
| BCL2 | Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [139–141] |
| COX2 | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 | Treatment outcome | [124, 128, 130] |
| VEGF-A | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | Prognosis (↑), treatment outcome | [205, 206] |
| HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha | Treatment outcome | [207, 208] |
Arrows indicate the sense of deregulation: (↑): upregulation; (↓): downregulation in PCa versus normal tissues or low risk versus high risk PCa.