Figure 9. Schematic representation of the ESDN effect on VEGF signaling in endothelial cells.

ESDN associates with VEGFR-2 and inhibits PTP1B, TCPTP, and VE-cadherin association with VEGFR-2, thus promoting VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. In the absence of ESDN, enhanced VEGFR-2-phosphatase (and VE-cadherin) association attenuates VEGF signaling in ECs.