Figure 9. The proposed model for LIF-mediated signaling and the biological effects of LIF in NPC.

LIF activates mTORC1/p70S6K signaling via LIFR, leading to increased tumor growth. LIF also enhances cell survival following IR treatment, at least partly by inhibiting IR-induced apoptosis and DDRs. In NPC cells, EBV-encoded LMP1 can induce LIF expression through NF-κB activation.