(A) Cells were treated with 300 μM palmitate and 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL extract for 12 hours. Immunoblotting was performed using antibodies against GRP78, PERK, p-PERK, CHOP, IRE1α, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, or β-actin. (B) Cells were treated with 300 μM palmitate in the presence of 100 μg/mL EUE for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, or 24 hours. Quantification of immunoblot data is shown (right panel). Immunoblotting was performed with antibodies against GRP78, PERK, p-PERK, CHOP, IRE1α, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, or β-actin. Data shown are the mean ± SE of three independent experiments, each performed with triplicate biological replicates. *
p<0.05, significantly different from cells treated with palmitate alone at the corresponding time point. Pal, palmitate; EUE, E. ulmoides Oliver extract.