Table 3. Clinical and self-reported oral health indicators by subgroups of T2DM cases according to glycemic control and duration of diabetes.

Confounding factors	Well-controlled	Poorly controlled	Short duration:	Long duration:
	DM: HbA1c ≤8	DM: HbA1c > 8	DM ≤10 years	DM > 10 years
	(n =  45)	(n = 105)	(n =  106)	(n =  48)
Age, mean (SD)	53.84 (9.34)	52.13 (10.90)	50.72 (10.78)	56.69 (8.61)**
Gender, % (n)
Male	53.3 (24)	31.4 (33)	37.7 (40)	41.7 (20)
Female	46.7 (21)	68.6 (72)*	62.3 (66)	58.3 (28)
Education, % (n)
Illiterate	22.2 (10)	29.5 (31)	29.2 (31)	20.8 (10)
Literate	77.8 (35)	70.5 (74)	70.8 (75)	79.2 (38)
Employment status, % (n)
Unemployed	51.1 (23)	71.4 (75)	61.3 (65)	72.9 (35)
Employed	48.9 (22)	28.6 (30)*	38.7 (41)	27.1 (13)
Regular dental attendance, % (n)
No	93.3 (42)	91.4 (96)	96.2 (102)	83.3 (40)
Yes	6.7 (3)	8.6 (9)	3.8 (4)	16.7 (8)*
Plaque index, mean (SD)	1.62 (0.41)	1.64 (0.33)	1.62 (0.34)	1.65 (0.37)
Main explanatory variables
Tooth mobility, % (n)
Low (< median)	62.2 (28)	41.0 (43)	50.9 (54)	41.7 (20)
High (≥median)	37.8 (17)	59.0 (62)*	49.1 (52)	58.3 (28)
Chronic periodontitis, % (n)
No	15.6 (7)	12.4 (13)	11.3 (12)	18.8 (9)
Yes	84.4 (38)	87.6 (92)	88.7 (94)	81.2 (39)
Furcation involvement, % (n)
No	64.4 (29)	51.4 (54)	57.5 (61)	52.1 (25)
Yes	35.6 (16)	48.6 (51)	42.5 (45)	47.9 (23)
Root surface caries, % (n)
No	51.1 (23)	45.7 (48)	52.8 (56)	35.4 (17)
Yes	48.9 (22)	54.3 (57)	47.2 (50)	64.6 (31)
Dental caries (DMFT), % (n)
Low (< median)	42.2 (19)	34.3 (36)	42.5 (45)	25.0 (12)
High (≥median)	57.8 (26)	65.7 (69)	57.5 (61)	75.0 (36)*
Number of present teeth, % (n)
≤21 teeth	31.1 (14)	22.9 (24)	20.8 (22)	37.5 (18)
> 21 teeth	68.9 (31)	77.1 (81)	79.2 (84)	62.5 (30)*
OHRQoL, % (n)
OIDP = 0	73.3 (33)	63.8 (67)	69.8 (74)	56.2 (27)
OIDP>0	26.7 (12)	36.2 (38)	30.2 (32)	43.8 (21)

^* P<0.05.

^** P<0.01.