Table 1.

Diabetogenic potential of elevated Se intakes or selenoprotein expression in animals

Treatment	Finding	Reference
The GPX1-overexpressing (OE) and wild type (WT) male mice (n = 80) were fed a Se-adequate diet (0.4 mg/kg) from 8 to 24 weeks of age	Compared with the WT, the OE mice developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased β-cell mass, hyper-secretion of insulin, insulin resistance, and obesity	22, 55
C57BL/6J mice (n = 6–7 per group) were fed either Se-deficient Torula yeast-based diet or diets supplemented with Se at 0.1 and 0.4 mg (sodium selenite)/kg of diet for 3 months	Mice in the 0.4 mg Se/kg group showed decreased insulin sensitivity and hyperinsulinemia compared to those fed the Se-deficient diet and 0.1 mg of Se/kg of diet	53
Three groups of rats (n = 10) were fed either a Se-deficient diet or diets supplemented with Se at 75 or 150 μg/kg of diet for 8 weeks	Rats in groups of 75 and 150 μg Se/kg diet had greater body weight, liver PTP1b activity, and liver triglyceride concentrations than the control group fed the Se-deficient diet	58
Seven groups of rats (n = 7) were fed either a Se-deficient diet or diets contained Se (as selenite or selenite) at 0.20, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg of diet for 8 weeks	All Se-supplemented animals featured a higher body weight, elevated liver GPx1 expression and activity, increased liver PTP1b activity, and reduced PTP1b glutathionylation, compared to their Se-deficient controls	59
Female Wistar rats were fed a Se-deficient (0.01 mg/kg of diet) corn–soy basal diet (BD) or BD+Se (as Se-yeast) at 0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg of diet from 5 weeks before breeding to day 14 postpartum. Offspring (n = 8/diet) born to dams fed 0.3 and 3.0 mg of Se/kg were fed with the same respective diet until age 112 days	Compared with the 0.3 mg of Se/kg of diet, the 3.0 mg of Se/kg of diet induced hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance in the dams at late gestation and/or day 14 postpartum and in the offspring at age 112 days	60
Weanling male pigs (n = 24) were fed a Se-deficient (< 0.02 mg of Se/kg of diet) corn-soy basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.3, or 3.0 mg of Se/kg of diet as Se-enriched yeast for 16 weeks	Compared with those fed 0.3 mg of Se/kg of diet, pigs fed 3.0 mg of Se/kg of diet became hyperinsulinemic and had lower tissue levels of serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt)	62
Male pigs were fed either a Se-adequate (0.17 mg of Se/kg of diet) or a high Se (0.50 mg of Se/kg of diet) diet for 16 weeks	The fasting plasma insulin and cholesterol levels were non-significantly increased in the pigs fed the high-Se diet, whereas fasting glucose concentrations did not differ between the two groups. Dietary Se oversupply affected expression and activity of proteins involved in energy metabolism in major was probably not sufficient to induce diabetes	63
Rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline (control) or 1.3, 1.6 and 3.8 mg of Se/kg of body weight as sodium selenite	Sodium selenite administration caused hyperglycemia in rats and elevated plasma corticosterone levels, but did not change plasma insulin levels	57