Spatial representation of significant group differences (spina bifida myelomeningocele relative to typically developing controls) in surface-based analyses of cortical thickness (top row) and cortical complexity (bottom row). Whereas some frontal regions have increased cortical thickness and increased cortical complexity in spina bifida myelomeningocele relative to typically developing (e.g. superior frontal and middle frontal gyri), temporal and posterior areas exhibit decreased cortical thickness and decreased cortical complexity (e.g. isthmus of the cingulate, parahippocampal, and precuneus regions). (adapted from Treble et al.,2012, Juranek & Salman, 2010).