Table 2.
Studies involving chemical analysis of e-cigarette cartridges, solutions, and mist.
| Authors (Reference) | E-cigarette brand | Substances tested | Analysis | Key finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STUDIES REPORTING POSITIVE OR NEUTRAL IMPACT OF E-CIGARETTES, VAPING, OR HARM REDUCTION BASED ON THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC TOXINS | ||||
| Laugesen (9) | Runyon | TSNA | LC-MS | TSNAs are present but at levels much lower than in conventional cigarettes and too small to be carcinogenic |
| Research funded by Runyan | MAO-A and B inhibitors | Flourometric assay | MAO-A and B are inhibited by tobacco smoke but unaffected by e-cigarette fluid | |
| PAH | GS-MS | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons undetectable | ||
| Heavy metals | ICP-MS | Heavy metals were undetectable | ||
| CO | CO analyzer | Exhaled carbon monoxide does not increase after e-cigarette use | ||
| McAuley et al. (11) | Brand not indicated. | TSNA | GC/MS | TSNA, PAH, diethylene glycol, VOC, and carbonyls in e-cigarette mist were all negligible compared to cigarette smoke. |
| PAH | GC/MS | |||
| Diethylene Glycol | GC/MS | |||
| VOC | HS-GC/MS | |||
| Carbonyls | HPLC-UV | |||
| Pellegrino et. al. (56) | Italian brand of e-cigarettes | Particulate matter | Particle counter and smoking machine | Particulate matter is lower in e-cigarette mist compared to cigarette smoke |
| Abstract in English | ||||
| Full article in Italian | ||||
| Goniewicz et al. (53) | Eleven brands of Polish and one brand of English e-cigarettes | CarbonylsVOCTSNAHeavy metals | HPLC-DAD GC-MS UPLC-MS ICP-MS | TSNA, VOC, and carbonyl compounds were determined to be between 9 and 450 times lower in e-cigarettes mist compared to conventional cigarette smoke |
| Heavy metals present in e-cigarette mist | ||||
| Kim and Shin (55) | 105 Replacement liquid brands from 11 Korean e-cigarette companies | TSNA | LC-MS | TSNAs are present at low levels in e-cigarette replacement liquids |
| Schripp et al. (54) | Three unidentified brands | VOC | GC-MS | VOC in e-cigarette cartridges, solutions, and aerosolized mist were low or undetectable compared to conventional cigarettes |
| Particulate matter | Particle counter and smoking machine | Particulate matter is lower in e-cigarette mist compared to cigarette smoke | ||
| STUDIES REPORTING NEGATIVE IMPACT OF E-CIGARETTES, VAPING, OR HARM REDUCTION BASED ON THE PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC TOXINS | ||||
| Westenberger (4) | Njoy | TSNA | LC-MS | TSNA present |
| FDA study | Smoking everywhere | Diethylene glycol | GC-MS | Diethylene glycol present |
| Tobacco specific impurities | GC-MS | Tobacco specific impurities present | ||
| Trehy et al. (58) FDA study | Njoy | Nicotine related impurities | HPLC-DAD | Nicotine related impurities present |
| Smoking everywhere | ||||
| CIXI | ||||
| Johnson creek | ||||
| Hadwiger et al. (57) FDA study | Brand not indicated | Amino-tadalafil | HPLC-DAD-MMI-MS | Amino-tadalafil present |
| Rimonabant | Rimonabant present | |||
| Williams et al. (50) | Brand not indicated | Heavy metals | ICP-MS | Heavy metal and silicate particles present in e-cigarette mist |
| Silicate particles | Particle counter and smoking machine, light and electron microscopy, cytotoxicity testing, x-ray microanalysis | |||
TSNA, tobacco specific nitrosoamines; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MAO-A and B, monoamineoxidase A and B; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; GS-MS, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry; CO, carbon monoxide, VOC, volatile organic compounds; UPLC-MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-DAD-MMI-MS, high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-multi-mode ionization-mass spectrometry.