Table 1.
Epigenetic Parameters Altered by Ethanol in the Liver and Gastrointestinal System
| Component | Molecular Alterations/Entity | Possible Effect On |
|---|---|---|
| DNA | DNA methylation via DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) enzymes DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b | Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), genes for folate metabolism |
| Histone | Type of modification | |
| Acetylation | ADH, LSD | |
| Methylation | LSD | |
| Phosphorylation | C-jun, plasminogen activatory inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) | |
| Modifying enzymes | ||
| Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) | ||
| GCN5 | ||
| p300 | ||
| MOZ | ||
| Histone deacetylases (HDACs) | ||
| HDAC 1,3,5,6,7,9,10,11 | ||
| SIRT-1 | ||
| micro-RNA | Upregulation | |
| miR 03,20,21,29A,34a,101,103 | ||
| miR107, 122, 132,148, 152, 155 | ||
| miR 212, 217, 349, 705, 1224 | Lipogenesis | |
| miR 1256 | ||
| Downregulation | Immune response | |
| miR 19b, 135, 182, 183, 200b | ||
| miR 199a-3P |