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Alcohol-induced T helper cell polarization towards a Th2 phenotype suppresses immune responses. Alcohol decreases IL-12 production by antigen presenting cells, resulting in fewer naïve T-cell differentiating into Th1 cells, and blocks the release of IL-23 from macrophages, thereby preventing Th17 differentiation. Methylation of DNA or histones (H3K27) may reverse Th2 polarization.
