Table 2.

Dendritic Cells, Alcohol, and Potential Epigenetic Targets

Factors Contributing to Activation1	Major Roles Following Activation2	Defects Caused by Chronic Alcohol	Potential Epigenetic Targets
Whole bacteria LPS IL-1β GM-CSF, TNFα	Migrate to lymphoid organs and present antigens to naïve T and B lymphocytes ↑IL-12 to enhance innate and adaptive immunity5	↓ IL-12 production3	Histone lysine methylation (H3K27) controls transcription of the IL-12 gene4

SOURCES:

¹Winzler et al., 1997,

²Lee and Iwasaki, 2007,

³Reis e Sousa et al, 1997,

⁴Mandrekar et al., 2004,

⁵Wen et al., 2008.