Table 1.

Model (GLMM) estimates of median z-transformed incubation temperature per incubation bout in relation to sex and incubation period with disturbance, presence of radio tag, body mass, culmen length, and start of incubation within the season as confounding variables

Fixed effects	Estimate	95% CI	P
(Intercept)	0.155	(−0.031, 0.342)	0.18
Disturbance	0.02	(−0.161, 0.201)	1
Radio tag	0.219	(−0.036, 0.474)	0.15
Culmen	−0.045	(−0.154, 0.065)	0.93
Body mass	−0.014	(−0.077, 0.048)	1
Start of incubation	0.004	(−0.039, 0.047)	1
Day of incubation	0.016	(−0.018, 0.049)	0.86
Sex (male)a	0.046	(−0.096, 0.188)	0.98
Sex × Day of incubation	0.002	(−0.027, 0.031)	1
Start of incubation × Day of incubation	−0.001	(−0.008, 0.006)	1
Random effects	Variance
Nest (intercept)	0.0337
z-Transformed (day of incubation)	0.0177
Residual	0.1864

N = 307 median z-transformed incubation temperatures per incubation bout from 14 nests. Fixed effects, except sex, were mean centered (culmen and body mass were centered within each sex). Median incubation temperatures were calculated from raw incubation temperature-values z-transformed within each nest. Results of the model without confounding variables are presented in Supplementary Table S1.

^aRelative to female.