Table 4.

Model (binomial GLMM) estimates of the probability of a detectable exchange gap (≥5 s) in relation to sex and incubation period with disturbance, type of temperature probe, presence of radio tag, body mass, culmen length, and start of incubation within the season as confounding variables

Fixed effects	Estimate	95% CI	P
(Intercept)	−0.124	(−0.848, 0.6)	1
Disturbance	−0.046	(−0.674, 0.583)	1
Temperature probe type	−1.644	(−3.518, 0.23)	0.13
Radio tag	0.049	(−1.721, 1.819)	1
Culmen	0.033	(−0.356, 0.422)	1
Body mass	0.1	(−0.112, 0.313)	0.87
Start of incubation	−0.065	(−0.177, 0.046)	0.64
Day of incubation	−0.155	(−0.269, −0.041)	0.0014
Sex (male)a	0.064	(−0.455, 0.585)	1
Sex × Day of incubation	−0.054	(−0.166, 0.058)	0.85
Start of incubation × Day of incubation	−0.004	(−0.019, 0.012)	1
Random effects	Variance
Nest (intercept)	1.72
z-Transformed (day of incubation)	0.38

N = 762 exchanges from 47 nests. Fixed effects, except sex, were mean centered (culmen and body mass were centered within each sex). Results of the model without confounding variables are presented in Supplementary Table S4.

^aRelative to female.