Table 1.

Genetic and non-genetic causes of TGA.

Genetic	Syndromic	Heterotaxy (right isomerism) (35)
		Trisomy 8 (2, 14)
		Trisomy 18 (2, 14)
		VACTERL (2, 14)
		CHARGE (2, 14)
		Tuberous sclerosis (26)
		Deletion 11q (27)
		Deletion 18p (28)
		Anomalies chromosome 3, 15, X (unpublished data)
		DiGeorge/deletion 22q11 (14, 29–33)
		Turner syndrome (25)
		Noonan syndrome (25)
		Williams syndrome (25)
		Marfan syndrome (25)
	Non-syndromic	ZIC3 (41–43, 45)
		Nodal (44, 47)
		CFC1 (45, 46)
		Smad2 (44)
Teratogens		Maternal diabetes (56, 57)
		Maternal infections (14)
		Ionizing radiations (14)
		Pesticides (52)
		Ibuprofen (14)
		Antiepileptic drugs (53)
		Hormonal drugs (54)
		Other drugs (55)
		In vitro fertilization (58)