Table 1.

Synopsis of impairments in memory function after sleep deprivation in laboratory rats and mice.

Memory function	Test	TSD			REM-SD			SR		SF
		≥6 h	10–12 h	>1d	4–6 h	12–24 h	>72 h	TSR*	REM-SR*
Spatial memory acquisition	MWM			r, m	r	r	r	r, m		r
Spatial memory retention	RAM		r		r
	MWM			r, m	r	r	r	r, m		r
Avoidance acquisition	RAM				r
	Fear conditioning, avoidance test				r, m	r, m	r, m	r
Contextual memory	Fear conditioning, avoidance test	m	m		r, m	r, m	r, m		r
Working memory	Y-maze, RAM	r	r, m							m
Object recognition memory	NOR	r, m								m

^*Brief and repeated sleep restriction episodes.

Abbreviations: m, r, tested in mice, rats, respectively; MWM, Morris water maze; NOR, novel object recognition; RAM, radial-arm maze; REM-SD, REM-selective sleep deprivation; REM-SR, REM-selective sleep restriction; SF, sleep fragmentation; SR, sleep restriction; TSD, total sleep deprivation; TSR, total sleep restriction.