Table 2.

Baseline means for users and non-users of chiropractic among all AHEAD participants, and among those who had back conditions

	All AHEAD Participants (N=5,871)			AHEAD Participants with Back Conditions (N = 3,518)
	Chiropractic Users (N=750)	Non-users (N=5,121)	p-value	Chiropractic Users (N = 741)	Non-users (N =2,777)	p-value
Demographic Factors
Age	75.8	77.3	<.0001	75.7	77.0	<.0001
Male (%)	0.38	0.38	0.884	0.38	0.31	<.0001
Race (%)
White	0.95	0.86	<.0001	0.95	0.87	<.0001
African American	0.02	0.10	<.0001	0.02	0.10	<.0001
Hispanic	0.03	0.04	0.102	0.03	0.04	0.1286
Marital Status (%)
Married	0.64	0.51	<.0001	0.65	0.47	<.0001
Never Married	0.02	0.03	0.007	0.02	0.04	0.006
Separated/Divorced	0.04	0.05	0.37	0.04	0.05	0.324
Widowed	0.30	0.41	<.0001	0.30	0.44	<.0001
Socioeconomic Factors (%)
Educational Attainment
Grade School or Less	0.18	0.25	<.0001	0.17	0.24	<.0001
Some High School	0.14	0.17	0.022	0.14	0.17	0.071
High School	0.37	0.31	0.0003	0.37	0.31	0.0004
Some College	0.31	0.27	0.024	0.31	0.29	0.1404
Income
IncomeQ1	0.07	0.15	<.0001	0.07	0.16	<.0001
IncomeQ2	0.24	0.29	0.002	0.24	0.29	0.002
IncomeQ3	0.12	0.14	0.494	0.12	0.13	0.720
IncomeQ4	0.23	0.19	0.002	0.23	0.18	0.005
IncomeQ5	0.34	0.23	<.0001	0.34	0.23	<.0001
Health Status Factors (%)
3+ Comorbid Conditions	0.15	0.17	0.214	0.15	0.18	0.082
Angina	0.06	0.09	0.018	0.06	0.09	0.004
Arthritis	0.25	0.24	0.699	0.25	0.29	0.016
Cancer	0.12	0.12	0.744	0.12	0.11	0.288
Diabetes	0.08	0.12	0.009	0.08	0.11	0.066
Heart Attack	0.05	0.07	0.043	0.05	0.07	0.054
Hip Fracture	0.02	0.05	0.002	0.02	0.05	0.003
Hypertension	0.41	0.45	0.048	0.41	0.45	0.051
Lung Disease	0.06	0.08	0.023	0.06	0.08	0.077
Psych Problems	0.07	0.06	0.349	0.07	0.07	0.996
Stroke	0.08	0.08	0.504	0.08	0.08	0.841
ADL Limitations (count)	0.15	0.33	<.0001	0.15	0.33	<.0001
IADL Limitations (count)	0.10	0.38	<.0001	0.10	0.33	<.0001
LBF Limitations (count)	0.88	1.25	<.0001	0.88	1.32	<.0001
Good Vision	0.83	0.75	<.0001	0.83	0.75	<.0001
Good Hearing	0.79	0.74	0.009	0.79	0.76	0.086
Depression Score (count)	1.26	1.59	<.0001	1.25	1.69	<.0001
Pain	0.33	0.32	0.548	0.33	0.37	0.0705
SRH Good or Better	0.76	0.66	<.0001	0.76	0.66	<.0001
Lifestyle Factors (%)
Engages vigorous activity	0.41	0.29	<.0001	0.41	0.30	<.0001
Obese	0.12	0.14	0.164	0.13	0.15	0.049
Over weight	0.44	0.37	0.0002	0.44	0.38	0.003
Normal weight	0.43	0.46	0.067	0.43	0.44	0.377
Underweight	0.01	0.03	0.010	0.01	0.03	0.029
Former Smoker	0.43	0.42	0.421	0.44	0.39	0.016
Current Smoker	0.07	0.10	0.023	0.07	0.08	0.551
≥ 1 Alcoholic Drink Daily	0.13	0.11	0.099	0.13	0.11	0.024
Health Services Use (%)
Hospitalizations
No Hospitalizations	0.17	0.26	<.0001	0.16	0.14	0.153
0.01 to 0.23 Annually	0.31	0.25	0.0006	0.31	0.28	0.120
0.24 to 0.50 Annually	0.32	0.28	0.042	0.32	0.32	0.887
> 0.50 Annually	0.21	0.22	0.832	0.21	0.26	0.003
Continuity of Care
Continuity of Care - 100%	0.05	0.06	0.084	0.05	0.06	0.325
Continuity of Care - 0%	0.13	0.31	<.0001	0.13	0.18	0.003
Terminal Drop (%)
Died within 1 year	0.24	0.31	<.0001	0.24	0.31	0.0004
Died after 1 year	0.28	0.38	<.0001	0.28	0.33	0.005
Managed Care Status (%)
Ever in Managed Care	0.18	0.24	0.001	0.18	0.17	0.316
Respondent Status (%)
Both Self Reports	0.82	0.70	<.0001	0.82	0.70	<.0001
Base Self & Final Proxy	0.15	0.22	<.0001	0.15	0.25	<.0001
Base Proxy & Final Self	0.02	0.02	0.964	0.02	0.01	0.214
Both Proxy Reports	0.02	0.06	<.0001	0.02	0.04	0.002
Time Between Survey Years
Survey Years	9.82	7.84	<.0001	9.86	8.98	<.0001