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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2013 Oct 15;145(6):1215–1229. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.013

Figure 3. Microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Figure 3

(A) Components of the tumor microenvironment in CCA. (B) Micrograph of a stromal CCA. (C) Factors secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts. CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; ECM, extracellular matrix; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PDGF-β, platelet-derived growth factor beta; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta.