TABLE 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models for delayed onset of lactogenesis II in women with recent GDM (n = 883)1
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Prepregnancy weight status (compared with normal) | |||||
| Overweight | 1.13 (0.78, 1.62) | 1.17 (0.81, 1.69) | 1.21 (0.82, 1.77) | 1.23 (0.83, 1.80) | 1.26 (0.85, 1.85) |
| Obese | 1.34 (0.96, 1.88) | 1.45 (1.02, 2.07) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.30) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.26) | 1.56 (1.07, 2.29) |
| Age (y) | — | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) |
| Race and ethnicity (compared with white) | — | ||||
| Hispanic | — | 0.57 (0.39, 0.85) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.14) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.17) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.18) |
| Non-Hispanic/nonwhite (Asian, black, other) | — | 0.83 (0.58, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) | 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.67, 1.40) |
| Primiparous (compared with multiparous) | — | — | 2.41 (1.73, 3.34) | 2.38 (1.71, 3.32) | — |
| Cesarean delivery (compared with vaginal delivery) | — | — | 1.18 (0.85, 1.63) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.57) | 1.12 (0.81, 1.55) |
| Gestational age (wk) | — | — | 0.90 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | — |
| LATCH score (compared with >7.5) | — | — | |||
| ≤7.5 | — | — | 1.64 (1.20, 2.24) | 1.66 (1.21, 2.28) | 1.65 (1.20, 2.26) |
| GDM treatment (compared with diet only) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | — | — | — | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) |
| Insulin | — | — | — | 3.03 (1.34, 6.83) | 3.11 (1.37, 7.05) |
| Gestational age × parity4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1-wk increase in gestational age in primiparas | — | — | — | — | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) |
| 1-wk increase in gestational age in multiparas | — | — | — | — | 0.79 (0.67, 0.94) |
1
Model 1 was adjusted for the main effect. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for maternal sociodemographics. Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and for parity and delivery and newborn and early breastfeeding factors. Model 4 was adjusted as for model 3 and for GDM treatment during pregnancy. Model 5 was adjusted as for model 4 and for the interaction term gestational age × parity. Wald's chi-square test was used to assess the contribution of individual predictors to the models. P-interaction = 0.0186. AOR, adjusted OR; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.