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. 2013 May 15;2:178–189. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.04.005

Table 4.

Association of selected factors and infection with haemoparasites in wild birds from Georgia.

Factor n Parasite species
No. positive (%)
Haemoproteus Plasmodium Leucocytozoon Microfilaria Trypanosoma
Season NonBreeding 261 52 (20)a 17 (7)a 13 (5) 7 (3) 5 (2)a
Breeding 120 48 (40)b 21 (18)b 11 (9) 2 (2) 11 (9)b



Feeding guild Ground 129 29 (23)a,b 7 (5)a 15 (12)a 6 (5) 2 (2)a
Low-middle 201 63 (31)b 21 (11)a,b 7 (4)b 2 (1) 6 (3)a
Middle-upper 51 8 (16)a 10 (20)b 2 (4)b 1 (2) 8 (16)b



Migration status Resident 225 63 (28) 27 (12) 9 (4)a 3 (1) 13 (6)
Migrant 154 27 (24) 10 (7) 15 (10)b 6 (4) 2 (2)



Location North 244 57 (23) 21 (9) 18 (7) 7 (3) 15 (6)a
South 137 43 (31) 17 (12) 6 (4) 2 (2) 1 (1)b

Different letters, a, b, c and d, indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence for the different haemoparasites among the various factors included in the study.