Table 1.

Studies used in the meta-analysis investigating using parasite load manipulations the effect of parasites on their wild, free-ranging hosts. Hosts are listed in taxonomic order using common name and parasites are listed by common name. Data for the meta-regression are coded in the following order: living in cavities/hollows (0 = open; 1 = cavity/hollow), coloniality (0 = solitary; 1 = 2–10 pairs; 2 = 11–100 pairs, 3 = 101–1000 pairs; 4 = 1001+ pairs), latitude (in cases where the same species is used from different locations, just the latitude is recorded), and host life-span (maximum recorded; average).

Host	Parasite	Response variable	Source paper	Meta-regression
Piscine Perciformes
Longfin Damselfish	Isopods	Clutch size	Cheney and Côté (2003)	0, 0,13.10, 6, 6
Avian Galliformes
Red Grouse	Nematode	Clutch size, hatching success, # young produced	Hudson (1986)	0, 0, 53.95, 8, 3
	Nematodes	# Young produced	Redpath et al. (2006)
Columbiformes
Rock Dove	Lice	Hatching success	Clayton et al. (1999)	0, 3, 41.15, 35, 6
Ciconiiformes
Cattle Egret	Ticks	# Young produced	McKilligan (1996)	0, 4, 27.55, 17, 8
Pelicaniformes
Eastern Brown Pelican	Ticks	Hatching success	Norcross and Bolen (2002)	0, 3, 33.56, 27, 25
Charadriiformes
Eurasian Oystercatcher	Nematodes, trematodes, cestodes	Clutch size, hatching success, # young prod., % succ.	Van Oers et al. (2002)	0, 0, 53.29, 43, 12
Crested Tern	Lice, ticks	# Young produced	Watson unpub. Data	0, 4, 38.31, 32, 15
Apodiformes
Alpine Swift	Louse-flies	# Young Produced	Bize et al. (2004)	1, 3, 47.12, 26, 6
Passeriformes (Hirundinidae)
Barn Swallow	Mites	Clutch size, hatching success, # young produced	Møller (1990)	1, 2, 57.12, 10, 6
	Mites	Clutch size	Pap et al. (2005)
Cliff Swallow	Bugs	# Young Produced	Brown and Brown (1986)	1, 4, 41.13, 11, 5
	Bugs, ticks	% Successful	Chapman and George (1991)	33.20
	Bugs, fleas, lice	Survival rate	Brown et al. (1995)
	Bugs	Survival rate	Brown and Brown (2004)
Tree Swallow	Blow fly	% Successful	Roby et al. (1992)	1, 2, 42.59, 12, 3
	Fleas	Clutch size, hatching success, # young prod., % succ.	Rendell and Verbeek (1996)
House Martin	Bugs	Hatching success, % successful, # young produced	de Lope and Møller (1993)	1, 3, 38.50, 15, 2
	Bugs, malaria	Clutch size, hatching success, # young prod., % Succ.	Marzal et al. (2005)
Purple Martin	Mites	Hatching success, # young produced, % successful	Moss et al. (1966)	1, 2, 38.58, 13, 8
Sand Martin	Ticks	# Young produced	Szép and Møller (1999)	1, 3, 48.08, 10, 2
Passeriformes (Turdidae)
Eastern Bluebird	Blow fly	% Successful	Roby et al. (1992)	1, 0, 42.59, 10, 6
Passeriformes (Sturnidae)
European Starling	Mites	Hatching success, % successful	Fauth et al. (1991)	1, 0, 39.45, 15, 5
Passeriformes (Paridae)
Blue Tit	Fleas	Clutch size, # young produced	Richner and Tripet (1999)	1, 0, 46.31, 15, 3
	Haematazoa	% Successful	Merino et al. (2000)	40.48
	Ticks, fleas, blow fly	Clutch size, # young produced	Bouslama et al. (2002)	36.42
	Haematazoa	Clutch size, hatching success, % successful	Tomás et al. (2007)a	40.53
	Fleas, blow flies, mites	% Successful	Slomczyński et al. (2006)	51.47
	Haematazoa	Survival rate	Martínez-de la Puente et al. (2010)	40.53
Great Tit	Fleas	# Young produced	Richner et al. (1993)	1, 0, 46.31, 15, 3
	Fleas	Clutch size, # young produced	Opplinger et al. (1994)	46.31
	Fleas	Clutch size	Fitze et al. (2004)	46.54
Mammalian Lagomorpha
Snowshoe Hare	Nematodes	# Young produced, survival rate	Bloomer et al. (1995)	0, 0, 44.18, 5, 1
Mountain Hare	Nematodes	Survival rate	Newey and Thirgood (2004)	0, 2, 57.00, 9, 4
Rodentia (Cricetidae)
Townsend’s Vole	Bot fly, mites, nematodes	Survival rate	Steen et al. (2002)	1, 0, 49.04, 1, 1
Rodentia (Sciuridae)
Cape Ground Squirrel	Ticks, lice, fleas, worms	# Young produced	Hillegass et al. (2010)	1, 2, 27.35, 6, 4
Colum. Ground Squirrel	Fleas	# Young produced	Neuhaus (2003)	1, 2, 50.00, 11, 3
Cetartiodactyla
Bighorn Sheep	Nematodes	Survival rate	Schmidt et al. (1979)	0, 2, 37.34, 24, 6