Table 2.
First author and year | Study location | Cases/Controls | Attained age (years) | Comparison | OR/RR/HR (95% CI) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case–control, registry-based | ||||||
Polednak 1983 [29] | United States | 314/628 | <45 | First birth: Preeclampsia/ toxemia (yes vs. no) | 0.28 (0.08–1.00)b | Matched on location and time of first delivery. Adjusted for maternal age at first birth |
Innes 2004 [16] | United States | 2,522/10,052 | 22–55 | First birth: Preeclampsia (yes vs. no) | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | Matched on county of residence and date of delivery. Adjusted for attained age, maternal age at first birth, race, education, infant birthweight, gestational age at delivery, infant sex, abruptio placentae, and multifetal gestation |
Case–control, interview-based | ||||||
Thompson 1989 [84] | United States | 4,668/4,635 | 20–54 | Before the end of the most recent term birth: Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 0.73 (0.59–0.92) | Matched on attained age and geographic area. Adjusted for attained age, geographic region, parity, age at first birth, and duration of breastfeeding |
Talamini 1997 [46]c | Italy | 2,569/2,588 | 20–74 | Any birth: First diagnosis of hypertension during pregnancy | By menopausal status: Premenopausal: 1.4 (0.6–3.4) Postmenopausal: 2.3 (1.0–5.4) |
Adjusted for study area, attained age, education, parity, and BMI |
Troisi 1998 [17] | United States | 1,236/1,162 | 20–44 | Any birth: Toxemia vs. never PIH vs. never |
0.81 (0.61–1.1) 0.94 (0.73–1.4) |
Matched on attained age and geographic area. Adjusted for attained age, site, race, parity/age at first birth, BMI, and menopausal status |
Terry 2007 [83] | United States | 1,310/1,385 | 20–98 | Any birth: Preeclampsia vs. never | By menopausal status: Premenopausal: 0.99 (0.52–1.88) Postmenopausal: 0.63 (0.41–0.98) |
Matched on attained age. Adjusted for attained age, age at first birth, BMI at age 20 and reference date, parity, smoking status, age at menarche, lactation, family history of breast cancer, ethnicity, education, preeclampsia, and PIH. Found stronger protective effects for multiple occurrences of preeclampsia alone or both conditions, but not PIH alone |
PIH vs. never | Premenopausal: 0.89 (0.51–1.56) Postmenopausal: 0.78 (0.51–1.19) |
|||||
Cohort, registry-based | ||||||
Richardson 2000 [80]d | United States | 205/337 | 17–44 (baseline) | Index birth: Preeclampsia alone PIH alone Both preeclampsia/PIH |
1.57 (0.63–3.88) 0.79 (0.40–1.57) 1.07 (0.60–1.90) |
Matched on maternal birth date. Adjusted for age at index pregnancy, age at first full-term pregnancy, and race. Unknown reference group for ORs (assume never). It was not indicated if the index birth was first/last etc. |
Vatten 2002 [77] | Norway | 5,474/689,183 | <30–80 | First birth: Preeclampsia and/or PIH vs. neither | By attained age <50 years: 0.81 (0.7–0.9) ≥50 years: 0.81 (0.6–1.1) |
Adjusted for attained age, calendar period of diagnosis, age at first birth, and parity |
Vatten 2007 [78] | Norway | 9,160/691,846 | NR | First birth: Preeclampsia and/or PIH vs. neither | Overall: 0.86 (0.78–0.94) By offspring gender Male: 0.79 (0.60–0.90) Female: 0.94 (0.82–1.06) |
Adjusted for attained age, age at first birth, length of gestation, parity, marital status and offspring gender. This study includes overlapping data with Vatten et al. [77], but is not an update and different exclusion criteria and modeling approaches were used |
Calderon- Margalit 2009 [79]e | Israel | 1,624/NR | <20 to ≥40 (baseline) | Any birth: Preeclampsia vs. never | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | Adjusted for age at first birth, and parity |
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, HR hazard ratio, RR relative risk or rate ratio, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, NR not reported, BMI body mass index
Studies that did not report covariate-adjusted measures of association are not summarized in the Table {[55] (preeclampsia only), [15] (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy), [81] (preeclampsia only; used the same initial pregnancy cohort as Richardson et al. [80])}
This is a 90% confidence interval
Hospital-based case–control study
This study was based on linking data from the Child Health and Development cohort to cancer registry data. Exposure assessment was based on medical records
Update of [82]