Table 3.

New classification of patient outcome measurements.

Author and year of publication	Type of patient	Competence	Illness-management	Independence
Reviews
Paré et al., 2007 [1]	chronic diseases	improvement of awareness and feeling of security, leading to empowerment active participation in the process of care
Bowles & Baugh 2007 [2]	adult patients with chronic illness		positive effects on self-management
Stumbo et al., 2009 [17]	individuals with disabilities	more control more self confidence		assistive technology is a foundational support that produces multiple and life-changing benefits
Gately et al., 2008 [18]	patients with long-term conditions	disruptive effects of health technologies on personal identities more self-regulation	disruptive effects of health technologies on strategies of managing illness
Jaana & Paré, 2007 [19]	diabetes	receptiveness, empowerment, education	management of medical condition
Jaana et al., 2007 [20]	hypertension	significant reduction in blood pressure, significant improvement of disease knowledge
Individual studies
Gomez et al., 2002 [21]	diabetes	increasing patient empowerment and education
Bujnowska-Fedak et al., 2011 [22]	diabetes	achieving a sense of independence
Bowles & Dansky, 2002 [23]	diabetes	improved knowledge (not significant)	improved self-management
Frühauf et al., 2012 [24]	psoriasis patients	more flexible and empowered lifestyle
Finkelstein et al., 2008 [25]	multiple sclerosis		improvement of functional outcomes
Pecina et al., 2011 [26]	complex medical illnesses	moderate increase in knowledge earlier detection of decline in health status increased personal awareness leading to behavioural changes
Marziali, 2009 [27]	chronic disease	reduced sense of isolation, maintenance of optimal healthcare strategies
Kuo et al., 2012 [28]	stroke patients		reduce daily abnormal blood pressure rate by proper measurement
LaFramboise et al., 2009 [29]	heart failure		ease of use, promote comprehension and self-management
Dansky et al., 2008 [30]	heart failure	confidence is a predictor of self-management behaviours
Bowles et al., 2010 [11]	heart failure		early identification of and intervention in clinical changes
Finkelstein & Wood, 2011 [31]	heart failure		assumed utility in daily self-management
Papasifakis & Vanderveen, 2009 [32]	heart failure		improvement of self-care improvement of disease management
Guendelman et al., 2002 [33]	paediatric asthma	self-care behaviours improved far more for the intervention group; increased self-management skills		improved asthma outcomes
Brennan et al., 2010 [34]	patients with chronic cardiac disease		better self-management	improved outcome
Vontetsianos et al., 2005 [35]	COPD patients	improvement of disease knowledge	improvement of self-management
Sicotte et al., 2011 [36]	COPD patients	improving attitudes and behaviours concerning management of the illness
Wilson et al., 2009 [37]	people aging with disability		reducing or slowing down functional and frailty problems	improved ability to gain or maintain independence
Shea & Chamoff, 2012 [38]	patients with chronic conditions	improved self-care behaviour
Cardozo & Steinberg, 2010 [39]	patients with chronic conditions following discharge	improved disease understanding
Hoenig et al., 2003 [40]	disabled elderly		technological assistance may be substituted for some personal assistance
Chumbler et al., 2004 [41]	frail elderly men			improvement in functional and cognitive outcomes
Hui et al., 2006 [42]	older women with urinary incontinence		videoconferencing is as effective as conventional management
Bewernitz et al., 2009 [43]	dementia	increased independence in some tasks
Evans et al., 2011 [44]	dementia			potential tool to support independent living
Mihailidis et al., 2008 [45]	dementia			improvement in independence
Maguire et al., 2005 [46]	cancer patients receiving chemotherapy		improving symptom management