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. 2013 Nov 8;10(11):5886–5907. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10115886

Table 2.

Campylobacter inactivation by environmental and treatment processes compared to faecal indicator organisms.

Barrier Source Conditions Inactivation Units Comparative inactivation Reference
Solar inactivation River water + STP effluent Natural sunlight conditions 1.65–1.68 S90 (MJ·m−2) Higher than E. coli and S. enterica [62]
Sea water + STP effluent Natural sunlight conditions 1.28–1.38
Transparent water bottles Optimal sunlight conditions 7 (±3) S90 (kJ·m−2) Higher than S. epidermidis, E. coli and Y. enterocolitica and B. subtilis [90]
UV treatment Potable water UV fluence of 3 mJ/cm2 1 Log10 Higher than E. coli [118]
UV fluence of 7 mJ/cm2 2
UV fluence of 10 mJ/cm2 3
Free chlorine Potable water 0.1 mg·L−1 after 5 min contact 2 Log10 Higher than E. coli [104]
Monochloramine Potable water 1.0 mg·L−1 after 15 min contact 2
Primary sedimentation Sewage 78 % [71]
Trickling filters Sewage 0.6 [64]
Activated sludge + settling Sewage 1–2.5 Log10 Lower than E. coli [61]
1 [64]
Dark inactivation Unfiltered lake water 14 days 4 °C 100 % Higher than E. coli [92]
8 days at 25 °C 100 %
0.2 µm filter lake water 27 days at 4 °C 100 %
4 days at 25 °C 100 %
River water + STP effluent 120 L chambers 82.6 T90 (hours) Higher than E. coli and S. enterica [62]
Seawater + STP effluent 120 L chambers 35 T90 (hours)
Storage Human biosolids 49.5 °C for 1 day 4.6–>6 log10 Higher than S. Typhimurium [68]
38 °C for 6 days >6
22 °C for 11 days >6
5 °C for 62 days 2
Farmyard manure 4 days at 50 °C 3 log10 Higher than Salmonella, Listeria and E. coli [63]
32 days 15–20 °C 3
4 and 17 °C for 112 days 0 log10 Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and S. typhimurium [70]
Land application Farmyard manure Sandy arable soils. 4–8 days at 11–20 °C >3 log10 Higher than Salmonella, Listeria and E. coli [63]
Clay loam grassland soils. 8–32 days at 15–20 °C 2
Bovine manure applied to pasture Winter 16 T90 (days) Higher than E. coli, fecal streptococci, enterococci and S. enterica [62]
Spring 2.7
Summer 1.2
Autumn 4.7
Anaerobic digestion Human biosolids 22 days at 35 °C 0 log10 Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. senftenberg [69]
25 days at 15 °C 0.36
Cattle slurry 793 days at 35 °C 1 log10 Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and S. typhimurium [70]