Table 2.

Campylobacter inactivation by environmental and treatment processes compared to faecal indicator organisms.

Barrier	Source	Conditions	Inactivation	Units	Comparative inactivation	Reference
Solar inactivation	River water + STP effluent	Natural sunlight conditions	1.65–1.68	S90 (MJ·m−2)	Higher than E. coli and S. enterica	[62]
	Sea water + STP effluent	Natural sunlight conditions	1.28–1.38
	Transparent water bottles	Optimal sunlight conditions	7 (±3)	S90 (kJ·m−2)	Higher than S. epidermidis, E. coli and Y. enterocolitica and B. subtilis	[90]
UV treatment	Potable water	UV fluence of 3 mJ/cm2	1	Log10	Higher than E. coli	[118]
		UV fluence of 7 mJ/cm2	2
		UV fluence of 10 mJ/cm2	3
Free chlorine	Potable water	0.1 mg·L−1 after 5 min contact	2	Log10	Higher than E. coli	[104]
Monochloramine	Potable water	1.0 mg·L−1 after 15 min contact	2
Primary sedimentation	Sewage		78	%		[71]
Trickling filters	Sewage		0.6			[64]
Activated sludge + settling	Sewage		1–2.5	Log10	Lower than E. coli	[61]
			1			[64]
Dark inactivation	Unfiltered lake water	14 days 4 °C	100	%	Higher than E. coli	[92]
		8 days at 25 °C	100	%
	0.2 µm filter lake water	27 days at 4 °C	100	%
		4 days at 25 °C	100	%
	River water + STP effluent	120 L chambers	82.6	T90 (hours)	Higher than E. coli and S. enterica	[62]
	Seawater + STP effluent	120 L chambers	35	T90 (hours)
Storage	Human biosolids	49.5 °C for 1 day	4.6–>6	log10	Higher than S. Typhimurium	[68]
		38 °C for 6 days	>6
		22 °C for 11 days	>6
		5 °C for 62 days	2
	Farmyard manure	4 days at 50 °C	3	log10	Higher than Salmonella, Listeria and E. coli	[63]
		32 days 15–20 °C	3
		4 and 17 °C for 112 days	0	log10	Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and S. typhimurium	[70]
Land application	Farmyard manure	Sandy arable soils. 4–8 days at 11–20 °C	>3	log10	Higher than Salmonella, Listeria and E. coli	[63]
		Clay loam grassland soils. 8–32 days at 15–20 °C	2
	Bovine manure applied to pasture	Winter	16	T90 (days)	Higher than E. coli, fecal streptococci, enterococci and S. enterica	[62]
		Spring	2.7
		Summer	1.2
		Autumn	4.7
Anaerobic digestion	Human biosolids	22 days at 35 °C	0	log10	Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. senftenberg	[69]
		25 days at 15 °C	0.36
	Cattle slurry	793 days at 35 °C	1	log10	Lower than E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and S. typhimurium	[70]