Figure 5. Differential gene expression in placenta of offspring sired by FD versus FS males.

(a) Heat-map showing the expression levels of 39 genes in four placentas of 18.5 dpc fetuses sired by either an FS (n=4) or FD (n=4) male. Placentas analysed were from unique litters. (b) Validation of array results by real-time PCR on an extended group of samples (n=8, FS and n=8, FD). (c) Selected array targets Cav1 and Txndc16 showed altered gene expression and were differentially methylated in sperm of FD sires. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control β-actin, with the value of the FS at 100%. Means±s.e.m. of eight determinations are shown. For b and c, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by Student’s t-test.