Table 1.
Baseline clinical and substance-related variables across positive (PR) and negative reinforcement (NR) groups and tests of association
| Domain | Variable | Total (N = 109) | PR (n = 51) | NR (n = 58) | Test between PR and NR | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | Any axis I diagnosis | 63 % | 41 % | 59 % | χ2 = 2.91 | .090 |
| Any Internalizing diagnosis | 38 % | 22 % | 73 % | χ2 = 10.52 | .000 | |
| Any Externalizing diagnosis | 52 % | 42 % | 58 % | χ2 = 1.05 | .310 | |
| # of Axis I disorders (M, SD) | 1.32 (1.59) | 0.84 (0.99) | 1.86 (1.87) | F=12.17 | .000 | |
| Global Severity Index (GSI) (M, SD) | 1.06 (0.77) | 0.84 (.61) | 1.26 (.84) | F= 8.47 | .004 | |
|
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| Clinical SUD-related | PIS (% above threshold) | 52 % | 36 % | 64 % | χ2 = 5.73 | .017 |
| Perceived problem with alcohol/drugs | 63 % | 30 % | 70 % | χ2 = 20.20 | .000 | |
| Substance use consequences | 4.56 (2.80) | 3.89 (2.61) | 5.15 (2.79) | F= 5.66 | .019 | |
|
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| SUD Treatment | Prior outpatient treatment | 28 % | 26 % | 31 % | χ2 = .410 | .522 |
| Prior inpatient treatment | 28 % | 12 % | 43 % | χ2 = 13.10 | .000 | |
| Prior SUD professional sessions | 27 % | 16 % | 36 % | χ2 = 5.85 | .013 | |
| Lifetime 12-step attendance | 42 (n=46) | 34 % | 47 % | χ2 = .962 | .327 | |
| Past 90 day 12-step attendance | 28 % | 16 % | 38 % | χ2 = 6.73 | .009 | |
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| SUD-related process measures | Motivation for abstinence (M, SD) | 6.90 (3.28) | 6.37 (3.40) | 7.42 (3.11) | F= 3.15 | .079 |
| Abstinence self-efficacy (M, SD) | 6.82 (3.26) | 6.08 (3.37) | 7.48 (3.04) | F= 5.22 | .024 | |
| Abstinence-focused coping (M, SD) | 3.14 (1.35) | 2.64(1.22) | 3.57 (1.32) | F= 14.28 | .000 | |
# of Axis I disorders: the number of diagnoses met for out of 8 possible Axis I disorders. Most common Axis I internalizing disorders were major depression, obsessive-and compulsive disorder; most common externalizing were conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder. GSI: a higher number represents greater severity. Substance use consequences: higher number denotes more substance related consequence. Motivation for abstinence and abstinence self-efficacy: higher number denotes greater motivation for abstinence and greater self-efficacy for abstinence. Abstinence-focused coping: higher number denotes greater use of abstinence-focused coping skills. Remaining variables are reported as % yes.